[Supply Disruptions Persist, Imported TCs Continued to Decline]: Weekly data showed that the average weekly TC of SMM Zn50 domestic ore was unchanged at 1,550 yuan/mt in metal content, and the SMM imported zinc concentrate index fell $4.13/dmt MoM to $11.25/dmt...

On March 5, the People’s Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region officially issued the “Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,” clearly listing hydrogen energy storage, rare earth new materials, and green hydrogen-ammonia-methanol as strategic priorities, accelerating the development of the entire industry chain for green hydrogen, and building a nationally important high ground for the energy storage industry, thereby charting a clear path for energy transition and industrial upgrading. I. Hydrogen Energy Storage: Building the Entire Industry Chain and Sprinting Toward an Energy Storage Scale of 60 million kW The Outline proposed to expand and strengthen the hydrogen energy storage industry , with the core goals and measures as follows: Full-chain deployment of green hydrogen : Accelerate the development of the entire industry chain for green hydrogen—“ production, storage, transportation, and use ”—and build green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol industry clusters; advance cross-provincial and cross-regional long-distance hydrogen-ammonia-methanol pipeline projects, and moderately make forward-looking arrangements for green hydrogen storage and transportation infrastructure. Leap in energy storage scale : Advance pumped-storage hydropower in stages, implement a special action for the large-scale development of new-type energy storage, and build a diversified energy storage system; by the end of the “15th Five-Year Plan” period, new-type ESS installations are expected to reach 60 million kW , and demand-side response capability is expected to exceed 5 of the region’s maximum load. Coordinated pipeline network upgrade : Optimize the oil and gas pipeline network; by the end of the “15th Five-Year Plan” period, natural gas pipeline mileage is expected to exceed 8,000 km , while the green hydrogen storage and transportation network will be improved in parallel. II. Rare Earth Industry: Extending, Supplementing, and Strengthening the Industry Chain, with a Focus on High-End Materials Such as Hydrogen Storage The Outline made clear to accelerate extending, supplementing, and strengthening the industry chain for the light rare earth industry , with a focus on developing: high-performance magnetic materials, high-performance polishing materials, hydrogen storage materials , catalytic materials and additives, rare earth steel, and other high-end rare earth new materials and end-use applications industries. Leveraging its advantages in rare earth resources, it will provide critical material support for industries such as hydrogen energy and new energy, and build a nationally leading base for rare earth new materials. III. Scientific and Technological Innovation: Focusing on Advantageous Fields Such as Green Hydrogen-Ammonia-Methanol The Outline proposed to implement a number of major science and technology tasks , focusing on fields including: new energy, rare earth new materials, carbon-based new materials, semiconductor new materials, green hydrogen-ammonia-methanol , biopharmaceuticals, biological breeding, and grassland and dairy industries, among others. It will deliver more landmark original achievements, providing technological support for the green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol industries. IV. Significance of the Plan: Anchoring National Strategy and Leading the Energy Transition This plan closely integrates hydrogen energy, energy storage, rare earths, and green hydrogen-ammonia-methanol. It is not only a key measure to implement the country’s “dual carbon” goals, but also a core lever for Inner Mongolia to leverage its two major strengths in wind and solar power resources and rare earth resources and build a nationally important base for energy and strategic resources. As a number of wind and solar power-based hydrogen production projects, such as the Huadian Darhan Muminggan Banner project, advance, Inner Mongolia is accelerating its transformation from a major energy region into a leading green hydrogen region and an energy storage hub .

In the fields of precious and rare metals, compared with well-known categories such as gold, silver, and platinum-group metals, osmium has always remained a niche yet highly distinctive presence. With its unmatched physicochemical properties, it has become an indispensable key material in high-end industry and scientific research. Even though it receives limited market attention, it still possesses irreplaceable value. This article will provide a comprehensive breakdown of osmium metal, covering its basic properties, resource supply, application scenarios, and market characteristics, to offer a full understanding of this “king of density.” I. First Encounter with Osmium: A Hardcore Outlier Among the Platinum-Group Metals Osmium, with the chemical symbol Os and atomic number 76, belongs to the platinum-group metals. It is a Group VIII transition metal on the periodic table and also one of the rarest metals found in nature. As one of the six major members of the platinum-group metal family, osmium has no independent ore deposits and is commonly associated with platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium. It can only be recovered through purification during platinum ore smelting and cannot be extracted through standalone large-scale mining. This inherent characteristic directly defines its scarcity. Osmium’s physicochemical properties are truly unique in the world of metals, with highly recognizable core characteristics: first, it has the highest density in the world. Under standard conditions at 20°C, its density reaches 22.59 g/cm³, far exceeding that of gold (19.32 g/cm³) and platinum (21.45 g/cm³). It is currently the densest naturally occurring metal known, and at the same volume, it weighs far more than various conventional precious metals. Second, it demonstrates excellent high-temperature resistance, with a melting point of 3,033°C and a boiling point exceeding 5,000°C. It remains highly stable in high-temperature environments and can adapt to various industrial and scientific applications under extreme heat. Third, it has outstanding hardness and strong corrosion resistance. With a Mohs hardness of 7, it is hard, durable, and wear-resistant, and is difficult to corrode under conventional acidic or alkaline conditions. However, its drawbacks are also quite evident: it is highly brittle and has extremely poor plasticity, making it impossible to process through conventional mechanical methods, so it is mostly used in powder or alloy form. A key safety precaution must be emphasized here: when osmium metal is heated in air to above 100°C, it slowly oxidizes to form osmium tetroxide (OsO₄). This substance is highly irritating, highly volatile, and somewhat toxic. Therefore, the entire process involving osmium, including production smelting, storage and transportation, and deep processing, must be carried out under the protection of inert gas and in strict compliance with operational standards. These exceptionally high compliance and control requirements further raise the barriers to osmium’s production and application. II. Extreme Scarcity: Osmium’s Resource Endowment and Supply Landscape Osmium is far rarer than commonly recognized precious metals such as gold and platinum, and it can be regarded as a “niche treasure” in the precious metals sector. Relevant data show that the average abundance of osmium in the Earth’s crust is only about 0.001 ppm, making it one of the least abundant stable elements in the crust. Globally, identified recoverable reserves are extremely limited, and resource distribution is highly concentrated, without the formation of widely distributed ore deposits. Supply side, the scarcity of osmium is even more pronounced. As there are no standalone mines, global osmium production is entirely dependent on platinum ore mining and smelting, with capacity remaining at an extremely low level year-round. Global annual production is about 1 mt (data from the International Platinum Group Metals Association), while China’s annual production is less than 100 kg, with supply far below that of other platinum group metals. From the global supply landscape, traditional major platinum group metal-producing countries such as South Africa and Russia control the vast majority of the world’s osmium resources and smelting capacity. Industry supply shows a highly monopolized pattern, with extremely low supply elasticity. Minor changes in mining progress, geopolitical conditions, environmental protection-related controls policies, and platinum group metal smelting capacity all directly affect global osmium supply. This dual characteristic of “inherent resource scarcity + constrained supply” has kept the osmium market in a long-term tight supply-demand balance and has also given it strong price resilience and fluctuation elasticity, securing a unique position in the rare metals market. 3. Exclusive to High-End, Cutting-Edge Applications: Core Application Scenarios of Osmium Although osmium has limited production and a relatively narrow range of applications, its exceptional physical and chemical properties have enabled it to take root precisely in high-end niche fields, making it an irreplaceable core material in many advanced applications. Downstream demand is concentrated and highly rigid, with no low-cost substitutes currently available. Its core applications are mainly concentrated in four major fields: 1. Special Hard Alloys: Core Raw Material for High-End Wear-Resistant Components Osmium-based alloys made by melting osmium with metals such as iridium and platinum combine ultra-high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, making them key core materials for high-end precision instruments. These alloys are widely used in high-precision bearings for high-end watches and precision instruments, premium fountain pen nibs, professional turntable styluses, medical precision scalpels, and high-end wear-resistant mechanical components. They can significantly improve component service life and durability, making them suitable for long-term, high-load, high-wear operating environments, and they are core wear-resistant materials in the high-end manufacturing sector. 2. Industrial Catalysis: Dedicated High-Efficiency Additive for Fine Chemicals Osmium and its compounds have excellent catalytic activity and serve as dedicated catalysts in certain fine chemical and organic synthesis reactions. Especially in special chemical processes such as hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, they offer high catalytic efficiency and strong reaction selectivity, effectively optimizing process flows and improving product purity and yield. Although the unit consumption of osmium catalysts is extremely low, they are rigid process necessities and are difficult to replace with other common metal catalysts, resulting in relatively strong downstream demand stability. 3. Scientific Research and Detection: Essential Specialty Consumable for Laboratories Although osmium tetroxide is toxic, it has irreplaceable value in scientific research. It is a high-quality staining agent for biological samples and microscopic material sections under electron microscopes, significantly enhancing the clarity and contrast of observed samples, and is an indispensable experimental reagent in frontier research fields such as materials science and life sciences. Meanwhile, high-purity osmium powder was also widely used in high-end scientific research experiments and the R&D of specialized new materials, serving as a niche but essential consumable for major research institutes and high-end laboratories. 4. High-End Specialized Fields: Core Components for Military and Aerospace Applications Leveraging its core advantages of high density, high-temperature resistance, and high stability, osmium was also applied in specialized high-temperature components for aerospace and military applications, precision guidance components, as well as niche scenarios such as high-end electrical contacts and wear-resistant coatings. These applications were all concentrated in cutting-edge, high-precision sectors. Although the volume of each individual application was small, the product value-added was extremely high. Moreover, with the technological iteration and development of high-end manufacturing and the military and aerospace industries, related demand had the potential for steady growth. IV. Summary of the Core Characteristics of the Osmium Metal Market Overall, as a rare category among platinum group metals, osmium had highly distinctive core characteristics: extreme scarcity on the resource side, highly monopolized supply with insufficient elasticity; application-side concentration in high-precision, cutting-edge fields, with rigid and irreplaceable demand; and unique physicochemical properties, combining both advantages and application barriers. Unlike the market-driven fluctuation logic of conventional bulk commodities, the osmium market was significantly affected by factors such as supply-side changes, downstream demand from high-end industries, and compliance costs. The overall market size was small, and trading frequency was relatively low, placing it in the category of niche rare precious metals. Its core value always revolved around the two key points of “scarcity” and “irreplaceability,” making it an indispensable key metal material in high-end industrial and scientific research fields.

On March 9, the New Product Launch Conference for the Sixth Academy of the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation’s hydrogen energy industry was held in Beijing, where four core achievements were unveiled on site: the side-mounted 2×40 kg-class onboard liquid hydrogen system (Saidao-1000S), a mobile liquid hydrogen refueling skid and hydrogen dispenser, a 40-foot liquid hydrogen tank container, and a 200-cubic-meter innovative alkaline electrolyzer . The Blue Book on the hydrogen energy industry was also officially released. The conference brought together academicians, ministry officials, representatives from government, enterprises, universities, and the industry chain, marking the Sixth Academy’s liquid hydrogen equipment portfolio as having fully entered a new stage of commercial application. High-Level Participation to Jointly Discuss a New Blueprint for the Hydrogen Energy Industry The conference featured a high-profile lineup, with three academicians—Long Lehao, Yang Fengtian, and Wang Jue—in attendance, along with relevant officials from the State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Energy Administration; leaders from the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and affiliated enterprises also attended, including Li Zhongbao, Chief Engineer of the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Xie Yun, Chairman of Aerospace Investment, and Wang Wanjun, President of the Sixth Academy. Supervisory government authorities from multiple regions, experts from renowned universities, executives from central state-owned enterprises such as Sinopec, China Huadian, and FAW, as well as capital-side representatives from numerous hydrogen energy enterprises gathered together to witness the commercialization of aerospace hydrogen energy achievements. Praise From Academicians and Remarks by Senior Executives Highlight Aerospace Hydrogen Energy’s Leadership Academician Long Lehao congratulated the launch of the new products, noting that this represented a milestone breakthrough in China’s cryogenic liquefaction and hydrogen energy equipment fields, opening a pathway for aerospace hydrogen energy to serve the national economy and aligning with the national “dual carbon” and energy security strategies. Li Zhongbao, Chief Engineer of the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, stated that the Group regarded hydrogen energy as a strategic growth pole and would work with all parties to build a collaborative and shared industrial ecosystem and promote deep integration across the industry chain. Wang Wanjun, President of the Sixth Academy, said that the Academy adhered to the philosophy of “users first, power first,” and that multiple hydrogen energy equipment products had reached internationally advanced levels. In the future, it would accelerate technological iteration, improve the standards system, and make every effort to achieve the goal of bringing liquid hydrogen technology to the pinnacle. Four Powerful New Products Cover the Full Range of Production, Storage, Transportation, and Refueling Scenarios 1 Side-Mounted 2×40 kg-Class Onboard Liquid Hydrogen System (Saidao-1000S) China’s first subcooled liquid hydrogen system installed on a vehicle, it pioneered dual-cylinder coordinated liquid supply technology and delivered a driving range of over 1,000 kilometers at full load. It adopted an integrated chassis design to reduce wind resistance and release front-end space, and has already been demonstrated jointly with Foton Motor, making it suitable for the large-scale application of liquid hydrogen heavy trucks. 2 Mobile Liquid Hydrogen Refueling Skid and Liquid Hydrogen Hydrogen Dispenser China’s first mobile refueling system for subcooled liquid hydrogen, it fills the gap in temporary refueling for non-fixed stations. By achieving breakthroughs in core technologies, it delivers a liquid hydrogen utilization rate of over 95%, a refueling flow rate of 15 kg/min, and completes full-tank refueling for a heavy truck in 15 minutes, with performance comparable to world-class international standards. 3. 40-Foot Liquid Hydrogen Tank Container The first standardized liquid hydrogen storage and transport equipment, compatible with global road and maritime logistics, with the transport radius extended to over 2,000 kilometers and unit costs reduced by 50% compared with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. The daily evaporation rate was 0.52% and could be maintained for more than 8 days, addressing the pain points of low storage and transport volume and high costs. 4. 200 m³ Innovative Alkaline Electrolyzer Built on aerospace technology, with direct current (DC) power consumption as low as 4.1 kWh/Nm³, reaching the national Grade 1 energy efficiency standard; the modular design reduced operation and maintenance costs by 90%, supported 12-hour rapid on-site repair, and met the needs of green hydrogen production in multiple scenarios.

Recently, CIMC Enric and PT SAMATOR Group , Indonesia’s largest industrial gas and energy services provider, officially signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement in Jakarta. Leveraging their respective strengths, the two parties reached a long-term partnership to jointly promote the optimization of the energy structure in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, as well as green and sustainable development. PT SAMATOR Group is a leading industrial gas enterprise in Indonesia, with business spanning multiple sectors including healthcare, oil and gas, and metallurgy, and with a well-established local market network and operating resources. According to the agreement, the two parties will focus on in-depth cooperation in five major areas: the entire industry chain of industrial gases, natural gas storage and transportation equipment, EPC for energy projects, digital after-sales services, and new business development. CIMC Enric will leverage its strengths in the design, manufacturing, and system integration of energy equipment, together with the other party’s local resources, to jointly advance the implementation of clean energy projects such as industrial gases, hydrogen storage and transportation, and new energy, thereby supporting Indonesia’s energy transition and industrial upgrading. Ju Xiaofeng, Vice President of CIMC Enric, and Rachmat Harsono, Chief Executive Officer of PT SAMATOR Group, signed the agreement on behalf of their respective parties. Ju Xiaofeng said that this cooperation was the result of resource synergy and demonstrated the company’s determination to deepen its presence in the Indonesian market; Rachmat Harsono said that the cooperation would help further strengthen the Group’s local business and expand the space for both parties in markets outside China.

This week, ferrous metals rebounded from the bottom. At the start of the week, coking coal and coke led the futures higher, mainly driven by rising crude oil prices in the overseas market, which pushed the energy and chemicals sector stronger accordingly; mid-week, both the U.S. and Iran signaled a more relaxed stance toward war, easing geopolitical tensions, while coal prices fell in tandem, weakening the cost-side logic, and ferrous metals fluctuated at highs; in the latter half of the week, worsening short-term liquidity issues in BHP's iron ore port inventory triggered stronger iron ore prices in the overseas market, while the Middle East situation remained volatile, reinforcing cost support and pushing ferrous metals higher again. In the spot market, supported by futures, end-user and arbitrage purchase sentiment both improved WoW this week......

This week, Pr-Nd alloy prices generally fell first and then rose, and have now stabilized in the range of 980,000-1 million yuan/mt. This price fluctuation was mainly driven by the impact of news factors on market sentiment.

(Kitco Commentary) - Gold slipped on Thursday as a record coordinated oil reserve release from the International Energy Agency introduced a note of policy resolve into markets that had been pricing in unmitigated supply chaos.

SMM News, March 6: This week, LME lead opened at $1,940/mt. Early in the session, affected by the rapid fading of geopolitical safe-haven sentiment and broad weakness across the nonferrous metals sector, lead prices fluctuated downward and once fell to $1,927.5/mt. Subsequently, market sentiment somewhat recovered, and lead prices fluctuated upward, touching a high of $1,949/mt. As bullish momentum weakened, prices turned weaker again and finally closed at $1,933/mt, down $13/mt from the beginning of the week, a decline of about 0.67%. This week, the most-traded SHFE lead contract opened at around 16,780 yuan/mt, and early-session lead prices climbed to 16,815 yuan/mt. Subsequently, affected by both weak supply and weak demand in the spot market, prices fluctuated downward. During the session, lead prices rebounded slightly, but bearish strength remained strong, and the price center moved lower again. Near the close, after consolidating at lows, lead prices fell to 16,550 yuan/mt and finally closed at 16,555 yuan/mt, down about 220 yuan/mt from the beginning of the week, a decline of about 1.31%. 》Subscribe to View Historical SMM Metal Spot Prices

Among them, the Gulf region was an important consumer market for China in the Middle East: China’s exports of aluminum plate/sheet and strip to Saudi Arabia reached 42,500 mt, and aluminum foil 58,000 mt; exports of aluminum plate/sheet and strip to the UAE reached 103,500 mt, and aluminum foil 93,800 mt; the other four countries (Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman) accounted for combined exports of about 22,000 mt of aluminum plate/sheet and strip and about 11,000 mt of aluminum foil.