Facing the global PV module retirement volume of 78 million mt by 2050, IEA, IRENA, and the European Union have established a referable recycling practice system through technological collaboration, data sharing, mandatory policies, and professional operations.

China has established a PV module recycling policy framework comprising 38 national policies and over ten standards, forming preliminary disposal capacity. However, the industry still faces three major bottlenecks: inadequate techno-economic viability, the absence of a nationwide recycling network, and frequent irregularities in recycling practices. Addressing these challenges requires systematic advancement of industrialisation through measures such as refining targeted policies, fostering top-tier enterprises, and innovating smart recycling models.