Japan-headquartered TOYO plans to build a 1.5GW HJT solar cell manufacturing facility in the Houston metropolitan area of Texas, with an estimated investment of around USD 357 million. Engineering, design and procurement work are already underway, with pilot production and project completion targeted within the next 20 months. The facility will be co-located with TOYO’s existing Houston module plant, which currently has 1GW of annual capacity and is planned to expand to 2GW in 2026. TOYO said HJT provides a platform for future perovskite integration, while domestic cell production will improve efficiency, lower logistics costs and support a FEOC-compliant US supply chain. SMM believes US trade scrutiny and manufacturing incentives are accelerating localized cell capacity deployment among PV manufacturers.

From June 3 to June 5, the Indonesia Critical Minerals 2026 was held at the Pullman Jakarta Central Park in Jakarta, Indonesia. The conference was organized by Shanghai Metals Market (SMM) and co-organized by the Indonesia Nickel Miners Association (APNI) , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia , the National Economic Council of Indonesia , and MMR , with a strategic partnership established with the Jakarta Futures Exchange . The conference featured six dedicated forums: the main forum, the nickel and cobalt forum, the tin forum, the coal & energy transition forum, the aluminum forum, and the sub-forum, bringing together 3,500+ attendees from 45 countries and regions worldwide, with 120+ speakers sharing their insights on market prices, supply-demand patterns, industry policies, low-carbon development, and ESG construction, etc. Conference Background In the process of global industrial upgrading, the strategic value of critical metals has become increasingly prominent, and Southeast Asia has gradually emerged as a highly dynamic segment of the global mining landscape. As a major regional mineral producer, Indonesia has successively introduced multiple industrial policies for critical metals such as nickel, tin, aluminum, and copper, adjusting and optimizing areas including mining quotas, pricing mechanisms, tax policies, export management, and domestic market obligation since 2026. These efforts are guided by the goals of improving the regulatory system, enhancing industrial added value, and optimizing resource revenues, and have had a significant impact on the global metal supply chain and market dynamics. As Indonesia’s premier flagship event for the mineral industry, this conference focuses on supply chain security of critical minerals including nickel, cobalt and tin, and adopts a dual-driven model of mining and energy. It commits to promoting Indonesia’s industrial upgrading from raw material export to high-value industrial chain development, while providing solid resource support and practical cooperation paradigms for regional and global energy transition. 》Click to view the photo gallery of the conference June 3: Main Forum Opening Ceremony Adam Fan, Chairman, Shanghai Metals Market Nanan Soekarna, Chairman, APNI Arif Havas Oegroseno, Vice Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ciyong Zou, Deputy to the Director General and Managing Director of the Directorate of Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Industrial Development, UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Sherly Tjoanda, Governor of North Maluku, North Maluku Government Todotua Pasaribu, Vice Minister, Ministry of Investement and Downstream Industry of Indonesia Drum Performance & Dance Show Opening Address Speaker: Adam Fan, Chairman of SMM Adam stated that this year marks the 4th year of the Indonesia Critical Minerals Conference. This flagship industry event is dedicated to building a global platform connecting Indonesia with the world. Empowering mineral resources through technology, the conference links producers and consumers to facilitate industrial chain and business cooperation. Boasting a record-high attendance, this year’s event gathers 3,500+ participants and 120+ speakers. The growing participation of global countries, enterprises and industry professionals demonstrates rising international trust and confidence in Indonesia’s critical mineral ecosystem. As cross-border collaboration is essential for building a robust global critical minerals supply chain, the conference strives to enhance supply chain transparency, interconnectivity and in-depth global industrial cooperation by pooling industry insights and resources. Speaker: Nanan Soekarna, Chairman of APNI Nanan Soekarna stated in his remarks that the 4th Indonesia Critical Minerals was the largest to date in terms of attendance, demonstrating the global industry’s full confidence in Indonesia’s minerals industry, cross-border cooperation models, and Indonesia’s roadmap for sustainable mining development, and he extended his sincere gratitude to all participating partners. He noted that the core of development in the critical minerals sector has shifted from a simple contest of resources and capacity to the transformation of the sustainable value of natural resources, balancing diverse economic, social, and environmental benefits. By deepening downstream industry chain expansion, Indonesia aims both to enhance industrial value-added and to build an international industrial brand and strengthen credibility in the global market. In the future, the core of global mining competition will not lie in resource reserves, but in transparent, responsible, and sustainable resource governance capabilities. Relying on global partners, Indonesia will uphold the philosophy of sustainable mining development and, through high-quality cooperation and shared value principles, work together to build the future of the critical minerals industry that balances ecology, benefits, and long-term development. Speaker: Arif Havas Oegroseno, Vice Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Arif Havas Oegroseno mentioned that critical minerals are increasingly becoming a focal point of global geopolitical competition, with elements such as energy, minerals, and trade and economic rules being instrumentalized from time to time. Leveraging its domestic resource endowments, Indonesia is vigorously advancing downstream deep processing of minerals; this strategy is not limited to industrial upgrading, but is also a comprehensive development initiative that boosts employment, consolidates science and technology innovation capabilities, enhances industry chain resilience, and delivers inclusive gains from green development. In response to procurement demands from multiple parties, Indonesia adheres to a diversified cooperation approach by expanding a diverse range of procurement partners and promoting deeper participation by resource countries in technology R&D and industry chain value-added, thereby avoiding the risks of dependence on a single partnership. He also noted that for the future governance of critical minerals, ESG should truly become a competitive advantage for enterprises rather than a trade barrier, with its original purpose being to optimize environmental management, improve social responsibility, and empower enterprises to enhance quality and efficiency. In the face of a new round of industrial transformation, critical minerals serve as the core raw materials for energy transition, the digital economy, and the development of high-tech industries. Based on its resource endowment, Indonesia is determined to transform from a mineral resource producer into a reliable partner in the global industry chain and a co-builder of industry rules. It invites global investors, industry chain producers, and resource-producing countries to join hands, uphold the spirit of partnership, reject unreasonable additional conditions, and jointly build a new global pattern for critical minerals that is inclusive and universally beneficial. Keynote Speech: Investing in Critical Minerals Downstreaming: Unlocking the Full Value of Indonesia's Resources Guest Speaker: Todotua Pasaribu, Vice Minister, Ministery of Investment and Downstream Industry of Indonesia Pasaribu Todotua stated that against the backdrop of climbing global demand for critical minerals and concentrated resource origins, the strategic attributes of this category continue to stand out. Indonesia, leveraging its resource endowment, vigorously promotes the downstream transformation of the entire industry chain, which is a core national policy to boost the economy and optimize supply chain structures. Under the president's policy deployment, Indonesia has designated mineral deep processing as a pillar of industrial upgrading. The authorities have delineated 28 categories of strategic minerals across eight major sectors and estimated potential investment in related tracks at approximately $618 billion, which is expected to create 3 million new jobs annually upon implementation. The country has set investment attraction targets from 2024 to 2029, accompanied by annual implementation plans. The 2026 target is clear, and investment implementation progress in the first quarter has been steady. In recent years, downstream industry investment has accounted for nearly 30% of national fixed asset investment, becoming a key driver to boost the economy and helping the country sprint toward the 8% economic growth target by 2029. He introduced that Indonesia has already established downstream layouts in multiple critical mineral tracks, including nickel, tin, aluminum, copper, PV raw materials, and semiconductor raw materials. The nickel industry has extended from stainless steel production to the entire power battery industry chain, while the tin, aluminum, and copper sectors continue to expand into deep processing, electronic materials, and other high-value-added categories, synchronously deploying supporting industry chains for PV and semiconductors. To solidify the conditions for industrial implementation, Indonesia has optimized the business environment in three aspects: accelerating approval processes, providing infrastructure support, and offering policy incentives. It has shortened project approval cycles, improved supporting facilities for hydropower, ports, and transportation, and implemented supportive measures such as tax reductions and tariff preferences, continuously attracting global capital and technological cooperation. This drives the country's transformation from a raw material exporter to a high-value-added product manufacturer, relying on multi-party collaboration to convert local mineral resources into sustainable industrial benefits. Guest Speaker: Ciyong Zou, Deputy to the Director General and Managing Director of the Directorate of Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Industrial Development, UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Zou Ciyong said global demand for critical minerals continues to rise along with the rapid development of clean energy and digital industries, and the role of resource countries in ensuring stable mineral supply is becoming increasingly critical. Indonesia's transformation path from raw material extraction to deep processing can provide reference for resource countries in the Global South. Currently, mining development still faces multiple challenges such as environmental protection, carbon emissions, and livelihood supporting facilities. Sustainable development has become an imperative for the industry, which needs to balance economic benefits, green development and social inclusion. Leveraging its multilateral platform advantages, UNIDO empowers its member states in multiple dimensions, including industrial policy, technology transfer, investment and financing, and capacity building, promotes the establishment of a Global Green Mining Cooperation Alliance, and has implemented a demonstration project of the Indonesia Nickel Industry Eco-Industrial Park, using the project as a model to explore a sustainable development path for global mining. He pointed out that the long-term development of the critical minerals industry cannot be separated from in-depth international cooperation, and it is necessary to establish transparent public-private partnerships, build resilient supply chains, and uniformly implement common industry standards. Indonesia intends to join forces with partners from all sectors to tap the development potential of the industry, while insisting on placing environmental protection and sustainability at the forefront of industrial development. In the future, UNIDO will continue to engage with governments, industries and capital from multiple parties, working together to achieve coordinated economic, social and environmental benefits from mineral resources. Keynote Speeches Keynote Speech: Beyond Volume: How North Maluku Can Lead Indonesia’s Next Phase of Sustainable Downstream Growth? Guest Speaker: Sherly Tjoanda, Governor of North Maluku Province Sherly Tjoanda elaborated on how North Maluku can lead Indonesia's next phase of sustainable downstream development from the perspectives of geographical location, transportation advantages, skilled talent reserves, and the fact that North Maluku's nickel ore is high-grade ore. Keynote Speech: Two Decades of Critical Minerals: 2016-2036 - How Supply Structures Shape Market Dynamics Guest Speaker: Shirley Wang, VP, Shanghai Metals Market The Rule —Why resource-rich nations must process, not just mine A 1931 Question: Mine Today, or Wait? Hotelling gave mining a theoretical anchor. It was elegant — and incomplete. A rational resource-based country should ensure the rate of price increase is exactly equal to the return on investment (Interest rate) Four Reasons the Real World Departs from the Formula Substitution, policy shifts, demand surprises, and costs — each bends the expected path The Quiet Force Behind All of This Ore grades decline everywhere. Building downstream is not ambition. It is adaptation. Shirley analyzed this by comparing ore grades for nickel, tin, copper, alumina, and others for the years 2016, 2026, and 2036. ► Strategic Insight: Why Low-Grade Ore Is Changing the Rules • Continuously declining grades are forcing industrial upgrading and iteration. Deteriorating raw ore quality is driving mines and smelters to optimize production, increasing the utilization of low-grade ore, the application of new processes, and the recycling of secondary resources. • Pricing power is gradually shifting from trading markets to resource-rich governments. As high-grade mineral deposits are depleted, the impact of short-term supply and demand on prices weakens, and the pace at which resource-rich nations release supply becomes the core variable. Industry Mainline: Commonalities in Two Decades of Development Across Five Metals Nickel: Where One Country Anchors the Market Indonesia influences marginal incremental nickel supply, and the commissioning pace of its domestic industry dominates global nickel price movements. The analysis incorporated the global distribution of nickel mine capacity. Cost Structures Are Moving Apart RKEF costs face the steepest climb. Scale mattered yesterday. Cost discipline matters tomorrow. The Ore Base Is Quietly Shifting Looking at changes in the global nickel production cost structure, the primary low-cost raw material was high-grade primary nickel ore before 2015. From 2016 to 2026, the share of low-grade ore and laterite nickel ore mining has been climbing steadily. Currently, laterite nickel ore stands as the most cost-competitive raw material. As laterite nickel ore grades decline, future nickel production based on sulphide ore may increase. Keynote Speech: Indonesia's Green Nickel: From Us To The Next Generation Guest Speaker: Joseph Hong, President Commissioner, Neo Energy Keynote Speech: AI is NOT optional! Guest Speaker: Adam Fan, Chairman of SMM Adam noted that AI has become an essential requirement for the digital upgrade of the commodity industry. Leveraging a new AI technology system, SMM integrates macro and micro data, market intelligence, and industrial information through full-process intelligent processing, and with human-machine collaboration automatically generates in-depth industry reports — surpassing traditional manual approaches comprehensively in terms of timeliness, coverage, personalization, and depth of analysis. SMM has now deployed a mature industry AI solution: leveraging SMM’s massive database and customized AI capabilities, enterprises can enable intelligent inquiries, interactive reviews, and dynamic strategy simulations, accurately serving transaction analysis, production planning, and inventory strategies for non-ferrous metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. SMM AI Data Services offer a three-tier progressive intelligent solution for the metals industry: Instant Inquiry → Xiao Jin (Metrix): access real-time price trends and market insights, with data sourced from a premium subscription-grade database and insights calibrated by senior analysts; In-depth Research → Deep Report: a chapter-by-chapter analysis by product and region, featuring traceable charts and citations, and continuously updated as market conditions evolve; System Integration → MCP Data Services: covering over 200,000 real-time data indicators and more than 60 products across the entire industry chain, a single integration embeds the service into the enterprise AI framework. Keynote Speech: Indonesia's Post-Election Economy: Can the Country Sustain 5–6% Growth Amid Fiscal Pressures, Weak Export Prices and Heavy Industrial Power Subsidies? Speaker: Andre Simangunsong, Head of Mandiri Institute, Office of Chief Economist, Bank Mandiri Andre Simangunsong said Indonesia’s GDP grew by 5.6% in Q1 2026, with a full-year baseline forecast of 5.2%. The strong Q1 growth was primarily driven by a low base effect from delayed fiscal spending in 2025 and the front-loading of this year’s fiscal disbursements. The full year faces uncertainties from rising crude oil prices, geopolitical fluctuations, and a widening fiscal deficit. The 2026 fiscal budget is approximately IDR 2,000 trillion, focusing on eight key areas such as education and food security; 19 major industrial projects have already commenced, with nickel smelting and industry chain parks accelerating establishment, propelling the mineral sector’s transformation from raw resource exports to high-value-added deep processing. Indonesia has revised nickel ore royalty rules, introducing progressive royalty rates, promoting the upgrade of nickel products from nickel pig iron (NPI) to MHP and nickel sulphate, and laying out hydrometallurgical processing for low-grade ores; the outlook for the tin industry is positive. The banking sector’s loan-to-deposit ratio remains stable at 85%, and Bank Mandiri is advancing digital transformation and ESG-compliant lending to empower downstream industry projects. By combining industrial, fiscal, and financial strengths, Indonesia is expected to maintain a growth range of 5%–6% in the medium and long term. CXO Panel: Senior Executives' Roadmaps to Overcome Resource, Cost, Technology & ESG Challenges Moderator: Laksmi Kusumawati, Director of Downstream Planning and International Economic Cooperation, Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas Panelists: Bernardus Irmanto, President Director, PT Vale Indonesia Alex Sun, Chief Sustainability Officer and Vice President, Integrated Energy Service and Carbon Management, Envision Group Marvin R. Reinhart, Portfolio Management Department Head, Indonesia Battery Corporation Ilhamsyah Mahendra, Production & Commercial Director, PT Timah Tbk Keynote Speech: Breaking the Diesel Dependency: Reliable, Affordable Energy for Island Mines Speaker: Mr. Fred Ge, C&I BESS Technical Solution Manager in Asia-Pacific, Sungrow Panel Discussion: The "Green Premium" Myth vs. Reality: Who Will Pay for Decarbonization in the Critical Minerals Supply Chain? Moderator： MARCO KAMIYA， UNIDO Representative, Regional Office in Jakarta for Indonesia, Timor Leste and the Philippines UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Panelists: Ary Sudijanto, Deputy for Climate Change Control and Carbon Economic Value Governance, Ministry of Environment, Government of Indonesia Antti Koulumies, CEO, Terrafame Anna Stancher, Senior Project Manager, Responsible Minerals Initiative Yumo Li, Head of ESG Office in Tsingshan Board, Tsingshan Holding Group Lihui Sun, Vice President, Chief Sustainability Officer, Huayou Cobalt Cocktail Party We extend our sincere gratitude to the global logistics leader Access World for its exclusive sponsorship of the cocktail party at this conference. Founded in 1933, Access World has grown from a family business into an international logistics organization operating in 25 countries, with a strategically located network of ports and warehousing facilities in prime locations, ensuring the efficient daily handling and flow of goods. As an end-to-end logistics service provider, Access World has long been committed to simplifying global supply chains and enhancing the efficiency of commodity circulation. It is worth noting that this marks the second consecutive year Access World has generously sponsored the cocktail dinner at the Indonesia Mining Conference & Critical Minerals Conference. For this steadfast commitment and dedication to deeply cultivating the industry and continuously empowering industry exchanges, the organizing committee and all attendees express our deep respect and gratitude. Check-in & Networking

The application for the first batch of 2026 municipal fixed-asset investment PV power generation projects from the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) closes today (June 12). Projects that support building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and those using perovskite, cadmium telluride, and other new-type cell modules will be preferred. In principle, such projects should have a construction scale of no less than 500 kW and may receive construction investment support of no more than 30%. Applying projects must commit to starting construction before the end of July 2026 and being connected to the grid by December 31, 2026.

According to overseas media reports, London-listed Pensana announced that construction of the Longonjo rare earth mine in Angola is progressing as planned, with a total investment of $250 million, targeting first commissioning and production of mixed rare earth carbonate (MREC) in 2027. The mine has a life of 20 years, with initial annual production of 20,000 mt of mixed rare earth carbonate, expanding to 40,000 mt in the fourth year. $36 million has been invested in the development of the mine and beneficiation plant, and main construction works are 22% complete. Manufacturing of long-lead equipment is progressing well, with committed procurement capital expenditure of approximately $135 million. The company is optimizing the heavy rare earth recovery circuit, targeting over 122 mt per year of dysprosium and terbium, positioning Longonjo as one of the largest heavy rare earth producers in the Western world. The modular separation facility can be expanded with mine expansion and includes a metallization circuit. Pensana has signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding with Toyota Tsusho for the offtake of up to 20,000 mt per year of mixed rare earth carbonate from Longonjo for a five-year term. The company has established a multi-partner offtake framework covering Japan's Toyota Tsusho, US-based ReElement Technologies, and US/Germany-based VAC/eVAC Magnetics. The project has received a $165 million strategic investment from Cascade Natural Resources and debt financing from ABSA, with political and commercial risk insurance provided by the US Export-Import Bank.

The British Columbia Supreme Court has ordered provincial authorities to revisit the consultation process for Seabridge Gold’s KSM project, ruling that the government failed to adequately consult the Tsetsaut Skii km Lax Ha Nation before determining the project had been substantially started. With an estimated capital cost of C$8.8 billion, KSM is one of the world’s largest undeveloped gold-copper projects and hosts approximately 7.3 billion pounds of copper reserves. The ruling could introduce additional uncertainty to the project’s permitting and development timeline, highlighting ongoing challenges related to Indigenous consultation and environmental approvals in Canada’s mining sector.

Indonesia has officially activated one of the most structurally significant commodity trade reforms in its recent history. On May 20, 2026, President Prabowo Subianto signed Government Regulation (PP) No.24/2026 on the Governance of Strategic Natural Resource Commodity Exports (State Gazette No.58, Supplementary State Gazette No.7178), which took effect on June 1, 2026 per Article 10. The regulation designates Danantara Sumberdaya Indonesia (DSI) as the mandatory sole export intermediary for all shipments of coal, palm oil, and ferro alloys. No Indonesian producer in these categories can sell directly to a foreign buyer anymore. Every transaction must legally pass through DSI first. The constitutional grounding is explicit. The preamble invokes Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, which establishes that natural resources are controlled by the state and must be used for the greatest possible benefit of the Indonesian people ( sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat ). The regulation's explanatory notes go further, stating that "so long as the state possesses the capital, technology, and management capability to manage Strategic SDA Commodities, the state should undertake direct management," and that doing so ensures "all results and profits will become state revenue bringing more optimal benefits for the welfare and prosperity of the people." This is framed not as a technical trade regulation but as a matter of constitutional duty. The explanatory notes to Article 7 explicitly name the five digital systems through which DSI will exercise oversight: CEISA (Customs Excise Information System and Automation), SINSW (Indonesia National Single Window), INATRADE (Trade Information System), SiMoDIS (Integrated Foreign Exchange Monitoring System), and MOMS (Minerba Online Monitoring System). Real-time visibility across all five platforms forms the enforcement backbone of the entire reform. On June 9, Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Bahlil Lahadalia and DSI COO Dony Oskaria offered three key reassurances at a press conference to calm investor sentiment. Oskaria confirmed that existing B2B contracts and Letters of Credit will continue to be honored during the transition period, provided DSI's monitoring system confirms that pricing is fair and transparent. Bahlil categorically denied market rumors of a "profit-sharing" mechanism in the minerals sector, stating that this concept applies only to oil and gas and that Minerba rules remain unchanged. He also committed to aligning RKAB mining quotas with smelting capacity and promised quota relaxations during periods of highly favorable global prices. June 8th DPR RI Coordination Hearing: What Bahlil and Dony Oskaria Actually Said The Indonesian House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia / DPR RI) convened a coordination hearing to align the new natural resource export governance policy between Danantara's Investment Management Agency (BPI Danantara) and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Kementerian ESDM). The session featured Minister Bahlil Lahadalia representing ESDM and DSI COO Dony Oskaria representing BPI Danantara. Oskaria opened by clarifying the precise scope of DSI's mandate in its initial phase. He confirmed that DSI's primary and immediate purpose is to halt under-invoicing and transfer pricing — not to disrupt physical commodity flows. He gave explicit assurance that existing B2B sales contracts and Letters of Credit will continue to be honored and executed normally during the transition period, with one condition: DSI's digital monitoring system must determine that the declared pricing is fair and reflects genuine market values. Any contract where declared prices are flagged as suspiciously below market will be subject to DSI scrutiny, but standard commercially negotiated contracts should proceed without interruption. Bahlil addressed three distinct concerns that had been circulating in the market. First and most urgently, he categorically denied rumors of a "gross split" profit-sharing mechanism being introduced into the minerals sector. He stated directly that gross split calculations exist only in the oil and gas sector and that there are "absolutely no changes" to the existing rules governing the minerals and coal (Minerba) space. This denial was significant because the rumor alone had been enough to cause investors to reconsider capital commitments to Indonesian smelting projects. Second, Bahlil acknowledged the domestic ore supply squeeze that has been tightening around Indonesian smelters, and committed to aligning RKAB mining quotas with downstream smelter capacity. He promised "measured relaxations" of production limits during periods when global commodity prices are highly favorable, signaling that the government has no interest in strangling the smelting industry it has spent years building. Third, on the broader question of investment security, Bahlil framed DSI as a value-capture mechanism rather than a market interference tool — the government wants more of the revenue that Indonesian commodities generate to stay in Indonesia, not to reduce the volume of those commodities being exported. What the Regulation Actually Says: Key Articles Reading PP No.24/2026 directly, several provisions carry commercial implications beyond what the market has fully absorbed. Article 3(1) establishes the core mandate: strategic commodities may only be exported by the BUMN Ekspor, acting either as owner or as sole intermediary. The word hanya ("only") in the Indonesian text is unconditional. Article 3(2) goes further: the selling price of Strategic SDA Commodities is determined by the BUMN Ekspor. This is not a transparency or monitoring function — DSI holds formal pricing authority over every export transaction. Article 3(4) confirms that DSI may charge a margin at a reasonable level in accordance with prevailing regulations, meaning DSI is legally entitled to a fee for its intermediary role. The combination of state-determined selling price and a state-imposed margin on every nickel and ferro alloy export has not yet been fully digested by the market. Article 4(2) contains the most important exemption in the regulation. DSI's mandatory intermediary role can be waived for business operators who hold contracts or agreements with the government that include provisions on at minimum: investment, divestment, and domestic processing and/or refining. Exemptions are decided in a coordination meeting chaired by the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. For the nickel sector, this is a critical provision, any smelter with an existing government contract containing these three elements has a legal pathway to apply for exemption from DSI routing entirely. Article 7 governs the full transition timeline. It states that from June 1 through no later than December 31, 2026, exports must go through BUMN Ekspor. Within three months of the effective date — meaning by approximately September 1, 2026 — a formal inter-ministerial evaluation must take place. Based on that evaluation, the Coordinating Minister has the authority to set a new deadline that is either earlier or later than originally planned, provided it remains before December 31. This is a genuine two-way valve: if the transition is going well, implementation can be accelerated; if problems emerge, the government can extend the timeline. Article 7(e) further provides that if the transition completes ahead of any applicable deadline, the full DSI-only rules apply from that earlier date immediately. Article 8 addresses existing contracts: all sales contracts signed before June 1, 2026 that remain valid are subject to evaluation by the BUMN Ekspor. DSI holds formal authority to assess every pre-existing long-term purchase agreement, including those between Indonesian smelters and their Chinese offtake partners. Critical Dates and Deadlines: The Full Regulatory Calendar May 20, 2026 — PP No.24/2026 signed by President Prabowo Subianto. June 1, 2026 — Regulation takes effect. Phase 1 begins. CEISA 4.0 mandatory DSI reporting pop-up activated. Pre-June 1 sales contracts enter DSI evaluation period under Article 8. By ~September 1, 2026 — Mandatory inter-ministerial evaluation of the transition (Article 7b). This review is a legal obligation, not optional. Its outcome determines the pace of everything that follows: the Coordinating Minister may accelerate, maintain, or extend the timeline to any date before December 31. September 1, 2026 — Phase 1.5 begins (unless the evaluation resets the timeline). PEB Box 6 changes to BUMN Ekspor (DSI). QQ document format begins. Companies act as DSI's legal agents. December 31, 2026 — The hard outer ceiling (Article 7a). After this date, no transitional exceptions remain. Only DSI may export, unconditionally. The Coordinating Minister cannot extend beyond this date. January 1, 2027 (or earlier if accelerated) — Phase 2 full implementation. DSI is the sole legal exporter. DSI drafts all contracts and L/Cs, handles all customs clearance, and reports DHE directly to Bank Indonesia via SiMoDIS. The NPI Classification Crisis The inclusion of ferro alloys has created the most significant market confusion, centered on a single unresolved technical problem: where Nickel Pig Iron sits relative to the regulated ferro-nickel HS code. Ferronickel (FeNi) is a mature, refined iron-nickel alloy produced through capital-intensive smelting, typically containing 20–40% nickel . It is a direct feedstock for stainless steel production and commands a meaningful price premium. Nickel Pig Iron (NPI) was developed in China in the mid-2000s as a low-cost alternative, produced via the simpler Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process using laterite ore. Indonesian RKEF-line NPI consistently produces at 10–14% Ni — a structural result of the process and the ore body, not a product specification smelters can adjust. NPI trades at a significant discount to FeNi, and any trader or stainless steel mill can distinguish the two products immediately. The problem is that Indonesia's customs classification framework cannot reliably tell them apart. Both products can fall under HS 7202.60 (ferro-nickel), and Indonesian NPI smelters have historically declared under that code without issue. Under Permendag No.12/2026, HS 7202.60.00 is now DIATUR (Regulated) — triggered when Ni content reaches ≥ 8% . The Ministry of Trade chose this as the demarcation: refined FeNi at 20–40% Ni would clearly exceed it, while NPI was assumed to fall below it and escape the regulation. That assumption fails entirely. Standard Indonesian RKEF output runs 10–12% Ni; higher-grade lines reach 12–14% Ni. There is no commercially significant NPI stream below 8% Ni under normal operating conditions. The threshold sits below average grade Indonesia actually produces, meaning every Indonesian NPI shipment technically triggers under the regulated classification, capturing precisely the product the government intended to exempt. Internal Rakortek documents confirm the Coordinating Minister directed that NPI should not be captured. The discussion slides acknowledge the collision and propose corrective steps: set a threshold above actual RKEF NPI norms, issue binding technical definitions for NPI, and align classification consistently across HS 7201 (pig iron), 7202.60 (ferro-nickel), and 7502.20 (nickel alloys). None of that supplemental guidance has been published yet. Strategic Outlook: The September Evaluation Is the Pivot Point The most important thing to understand about PP No.24/2026's near-term trajectory is that the regulation has deliberately built in a recalibration mechanism — and that mechanism has not been priced into most market participants' planning. Article 7(b) and 7(c) together create a genuine two-way valve. The September evaluation is a legally mandated inter-ministerial review that gives the Coordinating Minister real authority to reset the timeline in either direction. If the first three months reveal that DSI is not operationally ready, and the Rakortek checklists, which showed nearly every DSI readiness item as incomplete as of May 25, suggest that risk is real — the Coordinating Minister can formally extend the transition and push the QQ phase and beyond to a later date before December 31. Equally, if the reporting data flowing through CEISA, SiMoDIS, and MOMS shows that compliance is working smoothly and DSI is ready, the same evaluation could authorize an accelerated Phase 2 arrival, potentially as early as October or November 2026. What is not negotiable is the December 31, 2026 ceiling. Articles 7(a) and 7(d) together make clear that this is the absolute outer boundary of the Coordinating Minister's authority. Regardless of what the evaluation finds, the transition cannot be extended beyond December 31. After that date, except for legally approved exemptions, DSI is the sole legal exporter and no amount of industry pressure or operational unreadiness changes that. The Article 4(2) exemption pathway remains the most immediately actionable provision for smelters with qualifying government contracts. Any agreement containing investment, divestment, and domestic processing provisions should be reviewed against that exemption criteria now. Engaging the Coordinating Minister's coordination meeting process before the September evaluation is concluded is far preferable to doing so afterward. On NPI, the plain text of Permendag No.12/2026 as it stands today classifies Indonesian NPI as regulated. Smelters should not wait for the Ministry of Trade's supplemental guidance before beginning compliance preparation. Seeking an advance product classification ruling, exploring the Article 4(2) exemption if applicable, and building DSI integration workflows in parallel remains the most prudent path. The December 31 deadline, or whatever earlier date the post-evaluation acceleration may set, is not the end of the story. It is the point at which the entire B2B architecture of Indonesian strategic commodity exports permanently and irreversibly changes. SMM Analysis makes no representations as to the official legal interpretation of any regulation cited. Stakeholders should seek formal legal counsel for all compliance decisions.

After several rounds of sharp lithium price volatility, companies across the battery supply chain have become increasingly focused on raw-material risk management. Long-term agreements, spot procurement frameworks, futures and standard options are gradually becoming part of the procurement toolkit. At the same time, a more complex type of structured product has also attracted attention from industry participants: the Accumulator . At first glance, an accumulator contract offers a procurement opportunity at a price below the prevailing market level. In a range-bound or moderately rising market, it can indeed help reduce average procurement costs. However, the discount is not free. By obtaining a more favourable purchase price, the company is effectively selling part of its downside protection to the counterparty: it receives a limited procurement discount in exchange for assuming tail risk if prices fall. This article examines the basic mechanics of accumulators, their potential applications in the battery supply chain, their transmission effects on market prices and inventories, and the key issues companies should consider when using such instruments. 1. What Is an Accumulator? An accumulator is not a single standardized option. It is an over-the-counter structured contract under which the reference price is observed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis and procurement volumes accumulate over time. Under a typical structure, a downstream buyer agrees with a bank, trader or financial institution to purchase a specified quantity of raw-material exposure at a fixed price over a defined period. The agreed purchase price is usually below the prevailing spot price at inception, making the structure appear attractive from a pricing perspective. However, the contract normally includes two important features. The first is the knock-out mechanism . If the market price rises to a predetermined level, the contract terminates early. The buyer retains the discounts already obtained but can no longer continue purchasing at the discounted price. The second is the volume-multiplier mechanism . If the market price falls below the agreed strike price, the buyer is required to continue purchasing a larger quantity. A common structure is a doubling of the purchase volume, although other multipliers may also be agreed. This creates a clear asymmetry: Market Scenario Outcome for the Buyer Prices rise moderately but remain below the knock-out level The buyer continues purchasing at a price below spot and benefits from the discount Prices rise rapidly and reach the knock-out level The contract terminates early; previous discounts are retained, but the buyer must return to the spot market for future procurement Prices fall below the strike price The buyer must continue purchasing at the agreed price and at a higher volume, usually double the original quantity Prices continue to fall High-cost purchases accumulate, inventory pressure increases and cash-flow exposure expands; theoretical losses are uncapped The defining feature of the accumulator is therefore not simply price locking. It is the exchange of limited procurement discounts for downside tail-risk exposure. 2. Why Would Downstream Battery Companies Consider This Type of Structure? Several characteristics of the battery supply chain make accumulator structures attractive under certain conditions. First, raw-material prices can be highly volatile. Lithium prices have experienced both rapid increases and prolonged declines. For cathode-material producers and battery-cell manufacturers, changes in lithium carbonate prices can quickly affect product costs and profit margins. Second, there is a clear timing mismatch across the supply chain. Companies often need to secure raw materials in advance, while downstream orders and actual deliveries remain uncertain. When prices rise, buyers worry about insufficient procurement coverage. When prices fall, they worry about having locked in excessive volumes at elevated prices. Third, some downstream companies prefer not to pay the explicit upfront premium associated with standard options. An accumulator embeds knock-out and volume-multiplier provisions, converting part of the visible premium into conditional risk. This can make the initial pricing appear more attractive. However, this does not mean accumulators are suitable for every company. They are more appropriate for companies with stable raw-material demand, strong cash-flow capacity, mature risk-management systems and professional derivatives teams. For companies with volatile demand, limited inventory capacity or significant funding pressure, accumulators can materially amplify operating risk. 3. A Simplified Scenario: How Does an Accumulator Work? Consider a cathode-material producer. At the time of signing, the spot price of lithium carbonate is RMB 100,000 per tonne. The company is concerned about a possible price rebound and wants to lock in part of its future procurement cost. A simplified accumulator structure could be designed as follows: Contract Term Illustrative Setting Spot price at inception RMB 100,000/tonne Accumulator strike price RMB 90,000/tonne Knock-out price RMB 110,000/tonne Base purchase volume 100 tonnes per month Purchase volume if price falls below strike 200 tonnes per month Contract tenor 12 months Scenario 1: Prices Rise Moderately The lithium carbonate price rises from RMB 100,000 to RMB 105,000 per tonne but does not reach the knock-out price of RMB 110,000 per tonne. The company continues purchasing at RMB 90,000 per tonne and gains a procurement advantage of RMB 15,000 per tonne. This is the most favourable environment for an accumulator: prices remain range-bound or rise moderately, allowing the buyer to continue benefiting from discounted procurement. Scenario 2: Prices Rise Rapidly and Trigger the Knock-Out The lithium carbonate price rises to RMB 110,000 per tonne, triggering the knock-out mechanism. The contract terminates early. The company retains the discounts already achieved but must return to the spot market for future purchases, now at a higher price level. This demonstrates that an accumulator provides only limited protection against extreme upside risk. Scenario 3: Prices Fall Below the Strike Price The market price falls to RMB 70,000 per tonne. The company must still purchase at RMB 90,000 per tonne, and the monthly purchase volume doubles from 100 tonnes to 200 tonnes. The monthly cost disadvantage reaches RMB 4 million. If the price falls further to RMB 50,000 per tonne, the monthly cost disadvantage increases to RMB 8 million. If actual production demand is insufficient, the additional volumes cannot be consumed immediately and will become involuntary inventory. The core risk of an accumulator is therefore not price volatility alone. It is that the company is forced to expand its exposure precisely when market prices move against it. Procurement volumes, inventory pressure and cash-flow risk rise at the same time. 4. How Can Accumulators Affect Lithium Market Prices and Inventories? When a market contains a meaningful volume of outstanding accumulator contracts, physical orders alone may no longer fully explain procurement behaviour. Traditional supply-demand analysis usually focuses on mine output, lithium chemical production, cathode-material production schedules and end-use demand. However, financial instruments can influence physical procurement patterns around specific price levels, creating signals that do not fully reflect underlying fundamentals. When accumulator contracts are concentrated around a particular price range, three phenomena may emerge. First, Downstream Procurement May Increase as Prices Fall Falling prices would normally suggest weakening demand. However, if accumulator contracts trigger volume multipliers, downstream companies may be required to increase purchases. Some market participants may interpret this as restocking or demand recovery. In reality, part of the additional procurement may be driven by contractual obligations rather than improved end-use demand. Second, Inventory Composition May Change High-cost inventory accumulated through contractual obligations may not immediately return to the market. However, it can reduce companies’ willingness to make additional discretionary purchases and create destocking pressure when prices recover. Inventory analysis should therefore go beyond total volume. It should also examine how inventory was accumulated and at what cost. Third, Liquidity May Become Distorted Around Key Price Levels If a large number of contracts are concentrated near similar trigger prices, volume multipliers, margin changes and dynamic hedging by counterparties may jointly affect market liquidity. This can create short-term volatility that appears disconnected from the underlying supply-demand balance. It is important to emphasize that the price impact of accumulator structures is not necessarily one-directional. The effect depends on whether contracts are physically settled, how counterparties hedge their positions, whether contract sizes are sufficiently large and whether exposures are clustered around similar price levels. For analysts, periods of significant lithium price volatility require closer attention to procurement behaviour, unusual increases in transaction volumes during price declines and signs of involuntary inventory accumulation. An increase in procurement during a falling market should not automatically be interpreted as a recovery in real demand. 5. Lessons from the 2023–2024 Lithium Price Downturn Lithium carbonate prices declined by more than 80% from their peak during the 2023–2024 downturn. This provides a useful stress-test scenario for evaluating the risks embedded in accumulator structures. If downstream companies had entered large accumulator positions with relatively high strike prices during the elevated-price period, a prolonged decline would have amplified the pressure through volume multipliers, high-cost inventory accumulation and cash-flow requirements. The key lesson is that the knock-out mechanism terminates gains during price increases, while the volume-multiplier mechanism magnifies losses during price declines. This structural asymmetry can become particularly severe in highly volatile commodity markets. A company may have stable physical demand, but stable physical demand does not automatically mean that its financial exposure is safe. Because accumulator contracts are generally customized over-the-counter instruments, public markets rarely provide complete information on individual companies’ positions, strike prices or contract tenors. It is therefore more appropriate to view the 2023–2024 downturn as a risk scenario rather than as confirmation of any specific company’s actual transaction behaviour. 6. How Should Companies Use Accumulator Structures Prudently? Accumulators are most suitable for managing a portion of highly certain procurement demand. They should not replace the overall procurement framework. A more appropriate approach is to integrate accumulators into a layered procurement system rather than use them as the primary tool. Demand Category Characteristics More Suitable Instruments Base demand Supported by confirmed orders and rigid procurement needs Long-term agreements, spot frameworks and futures hedging Flexible demand Order probability is relatively high, but delivery timing may vary Staged spot procurement, futures or standard options Strategic demand The company can tolerate some volume variation and seeks to optimize average procurement cost Small-scale accumulator positions In practical terms, companies should focus on at least four constraints. Link the Structure to Real Procurement Demand The base volume under the accumulator should remain materially below confirmed procurement requirements. Even after the multiplier is triggered, the company should still be able to absorb the resulting volume through actual production. If a company needs 500 tonnes per month, it should not set the base accumulator volume at 500 tonnes. Once doubled, the required purchase volume would materially exceed actual consumption. Link the Structure to Inventory Limits Companies should define inventory limits in advance, including: Maximum inventory volume; Maximum inventory days; Maximum proportion of high-cost inventory; Warehouse capacity; Working-capital requirements. If the additional purchase volume triggered by a price decline would exceed these limits, the company should not expand its accumulator exposure. Conduct Stress Testing Before signing, the company should model scenarios in which prices fall by 20% or 40%, remain below the strike price for six consecutive months, downstream orders fall short of expectations and inventory turnover slows. Only companies that can maintain cash-flow safety under extreme scenarios should consider using accumulator structures. Ensure the Pricing Benchmark Matches the Physical Exposure Battery materials are not fully standardized products. If the specification or delivery location of the company’s physical lithium carbonate procurement differs from the settlement benchmark used in the derivative contract, basis risk may arise and reduce the effectiveness of the hedge. The contract should clearly define: Reference product; Product specification; Delivery location; Settlement benchmark; Price source; Quality differentials. Companies should not focus only on whether the strike price appears attractive. 7. What Problems Cannot Be Solved by Accumulators? Accumulator structures can help reduce a portion of procurement costs, but they cannot eliminate all supply-chain risks. First, they cannot solve physical supply shortages. If the market experiences resource constraints, logistics disruptions or supplier defaults, a cash-settled accumulator cannot provide physical material. Second, they cannot fully protect against extreme price increases. Once the knock-out level is triggered, the company must return to the spot market. Third, they cannot replace inventory discipline. Even a discounted purchase price can become a burden if the company lacks effective inventory management. Fourth, they cannot create real demand. Financial instruments do not generate physical orders. Companies should not expand procurement merely because a discounted purchase opportunity exists. Fifth, they cannot eliminate basis risk. Differences in product specifications, quality, geography and trading terms may still reduce hedging effectiveness. Conclusion Accumulator contracts are not inherently unsuitable, but they must be placed within a strict procurement-management framework. They can serve as a complementary tool alongside spot procurement, long-term agreements, futures and standard options. In range-bound or moderately rising markets, they may help companies optimize average procurement costs. However, the discount comes from risk transfer rather than risk elimination. The buyer receives a limited price advantage while assuming the obligation to expand purchase volumes, increase inventory and absorb greater cash-flow pressure when prices fall. From the perspective of lithium market analysis, accumulators introduce an important additional dimension: An increase in procurement during a falling market does not necessarily indicate real demand recovery. An increase in inventory does not necessarily indicate active restocking. Around key lithium price levels, the impact of financial contracts on physical procurement behaviour deserves close attention. Disclaimer: This article provides an analysis of market mechanisms based on commonly used industry structures and publicly available information. It does not constitute confirmation or implication of any specific company’s actual positions, trading activities or financial condition. Lesley Yang Senior New Energy Analyst, SMM yangle@smm.cn

[Domestic Iron Ore Brief] The Tangshan domestic ore market remained overall stable, with 66% grade iron ore concentrates at ex-factory prices of 970-975 yuan/mt on a dry basis including tax. Local iron ore concentrate resources remain tight, supporting producers' costs and willingness to hold prices firm. With beneficiation feedstock tight and low-priced resources hard to source, offers remained firm due to cost considerations. Steel mills, facing shrinking margins recently, are mostly purchasing as needed, with an overall relatively strong desire to push for lower prices.

SMM June 9 News: In the metals market, as of the midday close, domestic base metals fell near across the board. SHFE lead dropped 1.86%, SHFE tin declined 1.86%, SHFE nickel lost 2.33%, SHFE copper edged down, SHFE aluminum fell 0.52%, and SHFE zinc shed 0.38%. Additionally, the most-traded cast aluminum futures contract dipped 0.41%, while the most-traded alumina contract edged down. The most-traded lithium carbonate contract rose 0.32%, the most-traded silicon metal contract slid 2.41%, and the most-traded polysilicon futures contract tumbled 4.04%. Ferrous metals all fell. Iron ore dipped 0.39%, rebar fell 0.47%, hot-rolled coil declined 0.71%, and stainless steel dropped 1.67%. Coking coal and coke: the most-traded coking coal contract plunged 7.48%, hitting the limit-down price of 1,340.5 yuan/mt during the session; the most-traded coke contract slumped 4.31%. In the overseas base metals market, as of 11:46 am, LME metals moved lower across the board. LME copper edged down 0.19%, LME aluminum fell 0.65%, LME lead dropped 0.25%, LME zinc slipped 0.35%, LME tin shed 0.73%, and LME nickel lost 1.01%. In precious metals, as of 11:46 am, COMEX gold edged down 0.1% and COMEX silver fell 1.13%. Domestically, the most-traded SHFE gold contract dipped 0.2%, and the most-traded SHFE silver contract dropped 1.93%. Additionally, as of the midday close, the most-traded platinum futures contract fell 0.99%, and the most-traded palladium futures contract shed 0.33%. At the midday break, the most-traded container freight futures (Europe) contract rose 0.61% to 3,865 points. As of 11:46 am on June 9, selected futures midday quotes: Spot and Fundamentals Copper: Today, spot #1 copper cathode in Guangdong against the front-month contract: high-quality copper quoted at 110 yuan/mt, up 50 yuan/mt from the previous trading day; standard-quality copper quoted at a premium of 70 yuan/mt, up 80 yuan/mt from the previous trading day; SX-EW copper quoted at a premium of 10 yuan/mt, up 70 yuan/mt from the previous trading day. The average price of Guangdong #1 copper cathode was 104,275 yuan/mt, up 330 yuan/mt from the previous trading day, and the average price of SX-EW copper was 104,195 yuan/mt, up 335 yuan/mt. Spot market: Guangdong inventories continued to decline today, marking six consecutive sessions of draws... Macro Front China: [General Administration of Customs: China's Goods Trade Imports and Exports Grew 15.3% YoY in the First Five Months, with Electromechanical Product Exports Up 18.4%] According to customs statistics, in the first five months of 2026, China's total goods trade import and export value reached 20.68 trillion yuan, up 15.3% YoY (the same hereinafter). Specifically, exports reached 11.91 trillion yuan, up 11.8%; imports were 8.77 trillion yuan, up 20.5%. In May, China's total merchandise trade import and export value reached 4.45 trillion yuan, up 16.9%. Of this, exports were 2.59 trillion yuan, up 13.8%; imports were 1.86 trillion yuan, up 21.5%. In terms of key commodities, on the export side, in the first five months, China's exports of mechanical and electrical products amounted to 7.58 trillion yuan, up 18.4%; labour-intensive products reached 1.61 trillion yuan, down 3.1%; and agricultural products totalled 300.79 billion yuan, up 1.6%. On the import side, in the first five months, China imported 3.54 trillion yuan worth of mechanical and electrical products, up 25.3%; 218 million mt of crude oil, down 4.8%; and 618.16 billion yuan worth of agricultural products, up 7.6%. [Ministry of Commerce Holds Symposium on Solid Waste Recycling for PV, Lithium-ion Battery and NEV] On June 5, the Ministry of Commerce held a symposium on solid waste recycling for PV, lithium-ion battery and NEV. The meeting emphasized the need to align thoughts and actions with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, adopt multiple measures, and take concrete actions to advance the construction of the solid waste recycling system for PV, lithium-ion battery and NEV. It called for systematic advancement and synergy, accelerating the improvement of top-level institutional design, promoting the issuance of policy documents, and forming a working pattern featuring policy coordination, resource sharing, complementary advantages, and integrated progress. It urged targeted guidance and category-specific policies, adopting differentiated and precise measures based on the development stages and recycling characteristics of power batteries, PV modules, and wind turbine equipment, to effectively resolve dismantling issues in recycling. It stressed technology-led and technology-empowered approaches, actively promoting basic R&D on technologies related to solid waste recycling for PV, lithium-ion battery and NEV, and facilitating the integration and application of AI in the recycling process. It emphasized pilot exploration and encouraging pioneers, continuing pilot work on building a renewable resource recycling system, encouraging industrial clusters and industry leaders to take the lead in trials, improving recycling efficiency, enhancing sorting capacity, and promoting high-quality development of the recycling industry. (From Wall Street CN APP) [Two Departments Jointly Launch 2026 Humanoid Robot and Embodied AI Real-Scenario Training Special Action] The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council jointly launched the 2026 Humanoid Robot and Embodied AI Real-Scenario Training Special Action. Adhering to application-driven approaches, they will target key scenarios in industrial, special, and service fields, and promote key tasks such as the construction of real-scenario training spaces, cultivation of innovative application consortia, tackling of operational skills, and application deployment verification. Through real-scenario training, they will continuously optimize embodied AI model algorithms, accumulate high-quality real-machine data, improve the performance of key robot body components, and explore the establishment of full life-cycle management and assurance mechanisms for humanoid robots and embodied AI products. By the end of 2026, key products such as humanoid robots will have taken the lead in completing application verification and routine deployment across a range of representative scenarios, entering an "operational mode"; over 100 high-value application scenarios will be condensed and formed, further enriching the embodied AI application spectrum and driving the deployment capabilities on a scale of tens of thousands of units. (From Wall Street Insights app) [PBOC open market operations achieved a net injection of 152.8 billion yuan today.] PBOC conducted 153 billion yuan of 7-day reverse repo operations today, and as 200 million yuan of 7-day reverse repos matured today, a net injection of 152.8 billion yuan was achieved. (Gold Ten Data APP) On the dollar front: As of 11:46, the US dollar index fell 0.02% to 99.08. The market is waiting for the US inflation data to be released on Wednesday, which will affect expectations for the Fed's June rate decision. According to CME "FedWatch": the probability that the Fed will keep interest rates unchanged in June is 98.1%, and the probability of a cumulative 25bp rate cut is 1.9%. For the July meeting, the probability of keeping rates unchanged is 84.7%, the probability of a cumulative 25bp rate hike is 13.6%, and the probability of a cumulative 25bp rate cut is 1.6%. (Gold Ten Data APP) Morgan Stanley strategists said in a report that if risk appetite rebounds and the Fed avoids raising rates, the US dollar could weaken in the coming months. They noted that in the absence of higher interest rates, positive risk sentiment is negative for the dollar. However, they said that if the US economy outperforms others, leading to larger rate hikes than in other countries, the dollar would fare better. "Given that both the ECB and the BOJ are expected to raise rates this month, narrowing rate differentials should fuel a rise in risk appetite, thereby putting pressure on the dollar." (Gold Ten Data APP) On the data front: Today will see the release of Germany's April seasonally adjusted industrial output m/m, Germany's April seasonally adjusted trade balance, the US May NFIB Small Business Optimism Index, the US weekly ADP employment change for the week ending May 23, the US April trade balance, the US May existing home sales annualized, and the US April wholesale sales m/m, among other data. In addition, attention should be paid to Apple's WWDC developer conference, which runs through June 13. On the crude oil front: As of 11:46, oil prices in both markets declined, with WTI down 1% and Brent down 0.83%. The phased easing of the Iran-Israel situation has pulled back oil prices, reflecting some relief in market concerns over Middle East supply risks. However, the market remains cautious in its assessment of the situation. Whether energy transit through the Strait of Hormuz can be substantially restored remains a key focus for traders. A small number of commercial vessels returned to the waterway last weekend, but risks persist, with some ships even sailing with their digital transponders turned off. (Wall Street CN) The US Department of Transportation said on Monday that rising jet fuel prices, driven by the Middle East situation, caused US airlines' fuel costs in April to surge 78% compared to the same period last year, reaching nearly $6.5 billion. In its monthly report, the department stated that airlines' fuel costs rose 26% from March, while fuel consumption in April fell 2.6% from March. The department added that the cost per gallon of fuel in April was $4.11, up $1.81 from April 2025, a trend that is already having an impact on the industry. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) expects airlines' fuel expenditure to jump from about $252 billion in 2025 to approximately $350 billion this year, with fuel costs accounting for nearly one-third of operating costs. (Jin10 Data APP) Spot Market at a Glance: ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ►

Developing local processing capacity is not simply a matter of building another plant next to a mine. It requires a country to simultaneously possess reliable energy supply, logistics infrastructure, chemical-industry capabilities, engineering expertise, customer qualification systems, access to financing, policy continuity and transparent pricing mechanisms. Resources can attract investment, but they cannot guarantee project success.