Futures: Overnight, LME lead opened at $1,962/mt. During the Asian session, LME lead prices moved sideways within the $1,961-1,965/mt range before edging higher. Entering the European session, LME lead prices briefly dipped before rising on fund-driven momentum, touching a high of $1,981/mt. Prices pulled back slightly toward the end of the session, ultimately closing at $1,977.5/mt, posting a bullish candlestick with a gain of $16/mt, or 0.82%. Overnight, the most-traded SHFE lead 2606 contract opened at 16,506 yuan/mt. After the open, it dipped slightly, touching a low of 16,525 yuan/mt, before fluctuating upward driven by a broad rally across non-ferrous metals, reaching a high of 16,640 yuan/mt. It ultimately closed at 16,630 yuan/mt, posting a bullish candlestick with a gain of 90 yuan/mt, or 0.54%. On the macro front: Trump said US-Iran negotiations had entered the final stage. Foreign media reported that Trump insisted on a diplomatic solution to the Iran issue, while Netanyahu strongly opposed it. NVIDIA's Q1 revenue and Q2 outlook both exceeded expectations, yet US stocks remained flat in after-hours trading. Foreign media reported that OpenAI would submit its IPO filing as early as Friday. SpaceX officially submitted its IPO filing, with Q1 revenue of $4.7 billion. The Ministry of Commerce stated that both China and the US agreed in principle to discuss a framework arrangement for reciprocal tariff reductions on products of equivalent scale under the Trade Council. The Ministry of Finance reported that securities transaction stamp tax in the first four months was up 74.8% YoY. Spot fundamentals: Yesterday, the SHFE lead price center shifted lower again, approaching previous lows. Suppliers became less willing to ship, with fewer offers, and some suppliers narrowed their discount quotes. Secondary lead smelters shipped along with the market, with secondary refined lead quoted at a premium of 0-50 yuan/mt over SMM #1 lead on an ex-factory basis. Apart from lead smelters with consumption location advantages that had rigid demand transactions, trades at premiums were difficult. Downstream enterprises showed strong wait-and-see sentiment, with some having already made purchases yesterday. Inquiries decreased today, and spot market transactions were moderate. Inventory: On May 20, LME lead inventory increased by 22,275 mt to 286,475 mt. On May 18, SMM social inventory of lead ingots across five regions pulled back WoW. Lead price forecast for today: Overnight, the broad rally across the non-ferrous metals sector drove SHFE lead higher. In late May, lead prices fell to low levels, spot trades in the market recovered, and smelter and social inventory continued to decline, serving as the main support for lead prices to stop falling. However, secondary lead enterprises gradually resumed production, limiting the overall destocking pace, and the upside for lead prices will also be constrained by the pace of production resumptions. Currently, the off-season pattern in the lead market remains unchanged, with downstream lead-acid battery enterprises generally maintaining production cuts. Lead prices are expected to maintain a fluctuating trend in the short term.

[SMM Zinc Morning Meeting Minutes: US-Iran Negotiations Enter Final Stage, LME Zinc Rebounds from Lows]: Overnight, LME zinc opened at $3,513/mt. After the opening, LME zinc fluctuated upward throughout the session, touching a low of $3,499.5/mt early in the session and a high of $3,569.5/mt late in the session, ultimately closing up at $3,567.5/mt, up $56.5/mt or 1.61%, with trading volume increasing to 9,871 lots...

China's March silver (unwrought silver ingots with purity ≥99.99%, HS code 71069110) imports reached 398.62 mt, up 93% MoM, fulfilling expectations of rising silver ingot imports. Cumulative imports from January to March 2026 totaled 639.91 mt, surging 5,346% from 11.75 mt in the same period of 2025. Historical Comparison: Similarities and Differences Between Two Import Windows Historically, in 2023, surging PV demand widened silver price spreads in and outside China, and silver imports grew significantly (imports in June 2023 surged 5,329%). The similarity between this round and the historical pattern lies in the short-term surge in PV industry demand — in 2023, it was driven by the scaled-up commissioning of silver powder and silver paste capacity, while in 2026, it was driven by PV export rush stockpiling. Both were underpinned by rigid demand for industrial physical silver. The difference is that in 2026, precious metals experienced a rare bull market driven by both industrial demand and interest rate cut cycles. Retail investment demand exacerbated industrial raw material shortages, and China's spot silver ingot market saw significant premiums, boosting physical import profitability. In addition to silver ingots, silver-containing products and crude silver raw materials also entered China in large volumes as semi-manufactured products, which were then processed into silver ingots for circulation. Drivers of the Import Surge This Round 1. PV Export Rush Stockpiling Solar cell and module manufacturers needed to complete order deliveries before the export tax rebate cancellation on April 1. Intermediate processing segments stockpiled large volumes of raw materials in Q1, with certain manufacturers being the core drivers of the industrial import surge. 2. Retail Investment Demand Against the macro backdrop of global interest rate cuts, US debt crisis concerns, and safe-haven demand in Q1, gold and silver became important asset allocation options, with silver gaining popularity as a "gold alternative." After gold prices repeatedly hit new highs, small-denomination investment silver bars were heavily traded as alternatives to high-priced gold investments. 3. Sustained Arbitrage Window Domestic silver prices, driven by robust demand, were significantly higher than London spot prices. Stable SHFE silver premiums prompted global traders to ship silver to China for arbitrage. Some silver ingots exported through China's processing trade were not shipped to Europe or the US but were instead re-imported by traders directly into the Shenzhen market, forming a unique "export-to-domestic sales" pathway. Q2 Outlook: Pulse-Like Rally Fades Entering Q2, the explosive import growth is expected to be unsustainable. Although China's silver prices still carried a premium over London, physical demand and spot premiums had shifted, with some traders' imported silver ingots already experiencing sluggish sales in late March. The demand side weakened simultaneously. Both industrial and investment demand in China declined, and the spot market softened further. After the PV export rush ended, silver nitrate manufacturers' purchasing enthusiasm dropped sharply; silver prices moving sideways and uncertainty over Middle East conflicts cooled investment enthusiasm, with funds previously flowing into the precious metals market redirected to high-momentum markets such as the US dollar, US Treasuries, and crude oil. China's silver ingot market transitioned from "scarce supply" in April to "trading at discounts with no takers," and as month-end approached, suppliers were forced to cut premiums for bulk shipments or transfer inventory to participate in SHFE deliveries. Profit margins were sharply compressed. The spot premiums, which peaked at 3,650 yuan/kg in February, had pulled back to near parity by April. Some suppliers sold at discounts due to cash flow needs, import silver ingot profits declined significantly, and the arbitrage window disappeared. Overall, the record-breaking silver imports in Q1 were a "pulse-like" rally driven by both retail investment fever and PV export rush stockpiling. As both drivers faded simultaneously, combined with assessments of actual trade market orders, imports in April are expected to pull back.

China's imports of silver (unwrought silver ingots with purity ≥99.99%, HS code 71069110) reached 398.62 mt in March, up 93% MoM from February, fulfilling expectations that silver ingot imports would maintain their upward momentum. Total silver imports from January to March 2026 reached 639.91 mt, up 5,346% YoY compared with 11.75 mt in Q1 2025. Historically, against the backdrop of a sharp increase in demand from China's PV industry in 2023, the price gap between the Chinese and international silver markets gradually widened, and silver imports also surged significantly. () The similarity between this round of silver ingot import window opening and the historical one lies in the short-term surge in PV industry demand — 2023 marked the initial large-scale commissioning of silver powder and silver paste capacity, while 2026 saw short-term stockpiling demand driven by the PV export rush. Behind both import windows was rigid demand for physical silver in industrial production. The difference, however, is that in 2026, precious metals experienced a rare bull market driven by both industrial demand and the interest rate cut cycle, with retail investment demand further tightening already scarce industrial raw materials. As a result, significant spot premiums emerged in China's spot silver ingot market, boosting profits from physical imports. It is understood that in addition to silver ingots, silver-containing products and crude silver raw materials also entered the Chinese market in large quantities as semi-manufactured products for further processing into silver ingots and market circulation. Specifically, the driving factors behind this round of import surge were: 1. PV industry export rush stockpiling Solar cell and module manufacturers needed to complete order deliveries before the export tax rebate cancellation on April 1, leading to massive raw material stockpiling by midstream processing firms in Q1, with some individual manufacturers being the core drivers of the industrial import surge. 2. Retail investment demand: Against the macro backdrop of global interest rate cuts, US debt crisis concerns, and safe-haven demand in Q1, gold and silver became important asset allocation options, with silver gaining popularity as a "gold alternative." After gold prices repeatedly hit new highs, small-denomination investment silver bars were heavily traded as an alternative to high-priced gold. 3. Sustained arbitrage window Driven by robust demand, Chinese silver prices were significantly higher than London spot prices. With stable SHFE silver premiums, global traders were incentivized to ship silver to China for arbitrage. Even silver ingots exported through China's processing trade were not shipped to Europe or the US but were instead re-imported by traders directly into the Shenzhen market, forming a unique "export-to-domestic-sales" pathway. Q2 outlook: Entering Q2, the explosive growth in silver ingot imports is unlikely to sustain. Although Chinese silver ingots still carry a premium over London prices, demand for physical silver ingots and spot premiums have changed, with some traders' imported silver ingots already experiencing sluggish sales since late March. On one hand, domestic industrial and investment demand declined simultaneously, and the spot market weakened further. After the PV export rush orders ended, silver nitrate manufacturers' purchasing enthusiasm dropped sharply. Additionally, as silver prices moved sideways and uncertainties from Middle East conflicts dampened precious metals investment sentiment, funds that had previously flowed into the precious metals market shifted back to high-momentum markets such as US dollar, US Treasuries, and crude oil. Chinese silver ingots gradually transitioned from "hard to find" in April to "trading at discounts with no buyers." Approaching month-end, suppliers began lowering premiums to offload inventory or transfer stock for SHFE delivery. On the other hand, import profit margins were significantly compressed, mainly because spot premiums, which peaked at 3,650 yuan/kg in February, had pulled back to near parity by April. Some suppliers even sold at discounts due to cash flow needs, causing import silver ingot profits to decline sharply and the arbitrage window to close. Overall, the record-breaking silver imports in Q1 this year were a "pulse-like" event driven by both retail investment enthusiasm and PV stockpiling rush. As both driving factors fade simultaneously, combined with an assessment of actual import order performance in the trade market, imports in April are expected to pull back.

SMM News, March 31， In Q1 2026, amid macro tailwinds, expectations of a supply gap, and successive geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East, aluminum prices repeatedly hit new highs. The quarterly average SMM A00 aluminum price reached 24,028 yuan/mt, up 17.5% YoY; the quarterly average closing price of the LME aluminum 3M contract at 15:00 Beijing time reached $3,196/mt, up 21.8% YoY. High prices suppressed downstream consumption: At the end of 2025, SMM expected China’s primary aluminum consumption growth in 2026 to be 2.0%; as of February, that growth rate had fallen to 1.1%. As a result, the proportion of liquid aluminum in the aluminum industry declined significantly, and aluminum social inventory hit a nearly three-year high. As of March 31, the inflection point in China’s aluminum social inventory was still unclear, while the absolute inventory level had already entered the upper range of SMM’s previous forecast of 1.35-1.4 million mt. However, affected by geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East, aluminum supply and demand were both weak, fundamental risks increased, and prices saw wild swings. Under the impact of high prices, aluminum ingot inventory may continue to build further. According to SMM, as of the end of March, some aluminum ingots in certain regions were still backlogged at rail platforms and outside warehouses. High prices also accelerated supply growth: As of the end of Q1, average profits in China’s aluminum industry exceeded 8,000 yuan/mt. Stimulated by high profits, China’s aluminum supply growth is expected to exceed expectations. At the end of 2025, SMM expected China’s aluminum supply growth in 2026 to reach 1.7%; as of the end of Q1 2026, SMM expected that growth rate had risen to 1.9%. Outside China, supply growth was also boosted by high prices: 1) A smelter in Spain had originally planned to resume full production by 2026, and according to foreign media reports in March, it had already resumed to 90% of operating load; 2) In October 2025, an Icelandic smelter cut production on one line due to equipment failure. It had originally planned to resume production in September-October 2026, but has now moved the plan forward to start by the end of April; 3) At the end of 2025, expectations were that Indonesia’s operating aluminum capacity would reach 2 million mt by the end of 2026; that expectation has now been raised to 2.2-2.5 million mt. Q2 Outlook: At present, one of the decisive factors for global aluminum fundamentals and price trends is the geopolitical situation in the Middle East. SMM analysis showed that outside China, aluminum capacity that had already cut production or faced substantial production reduction risk exceeded 3 million mt. If subsequent production cuts from this portion of capacity are confirmed, outside China aluminum supply is expected to maintain negative YoY growth for an extended period, and global aluminum fundamentals are expected to face a large gap, with the gap outside China far exceeding that in China. In this case, aluminum prices in and outside China are expected to rise sharply again, with overseas prices expected to outperform domestic prices. China’s net aluminum imports are expected to decline, while exports from downstream aluminum plants are expected to increase. However, if actual production cuts come in below expectations, while consumption sees a marked reduction due to factors such as energy and inflation, the upward move in aluminum prices may face insufficient momentum. At present, geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East are disrupting the global aluminum supply-demand pattern, and SMM will continue to follow related developments.

Jan-Feb 2026 China magnesium exports reached 72.7kt, up 3.4kt YoY. Magnesium alloy led with +33.1% YoY, orders booked through April. Magnesium ingot fell 6.8% due to weak European demand, while powder grew 10.3%. However, US-Israel conflict disrupted Middle East aluminum plants, halting regional magnesium orders and pressuring Q2 outlook despite the strong start.

[SMM]The first quarter of 2025 is about to end. During the Chinese New Year holiday, galvanizing enterprises gradually entered the holiday maintenance rhythm from early January. At the same time, due to the cold weather, most construction projects also gradually entered the holiday rhythm, and demand began to pull back. After the holiday, large factories resumed operations first, while small factories gradually resumed operations around the Lantern Festival. The progress of project construction resumption was slow, and demand slowly climbed. In February, infrastructure investment increased slightly YoY. Most enterprises were handling pre-holiday orders, and the operating rates of galvanizing producers slowly rose. Compared with the same period, the operating rate was relatively weak, and there was no significant "Golden March" peak season scene as in previous years. Will demand improve in Q2?

[Canadian Solar: Expected Shipment Volume of Energy Storage Systems for the Full Year of 2024 is 6.0-6.5GWh] SMM has learned that on July 3, Canadian Solar released a record of investor relations activities. The record shows that in terms of energy storage business, in the first quarter of 2024, Canadian Solar's confirmed revenue shipment volume of energy storage products reached 1GWh, and the quarterly revenue of the energy storage business has basically been on par with the full year of 2023. Currently, the company's operating conditions in the second quarter are normal, and the expected shipment volume of energy storage systems in the second quarter of 2024 is between 1.4 and 1.6GWh, with the estimated shipment volume for the full year of 2024 ranging from 6.0 to 6.5GWh.