On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Main Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Exchange Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Luo Yu, member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Lezhi County People's Government Committee and Deputy County Magistrate, shared the planning and development of Lezhi County's aluminum industry. Where is Lezhi? The First Stop East of Chengdu · The Golden Section Point of Chengdu-Chongqing ► County Overview Lezhi County is located in the central part of the Chengdu-Chongqing region and is the hometown of Marshal Chen Yi, a founding father of the People's Republic of China. ►Location: Gateway to Chengdu's Eastward Expansion, Hub Connecting Chengdu and Chongqing In terms of location, Lezhi's relationship with Chengdu and Chongqing is similar to Kunshan's with Shanghai and Suzhou, or Dongguan's with Guangdong and Shenzhen. ► Position: Driving High-Quality Integrated Development in the Central Chengdu-Chongqing Region ►Position: A Place Where Multiple National and Provincial Strategies Overlap Lezhi is located at the golden section point of the straight-line distance between Chengdu and Chongqing, and is at the intersection of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin-City Economic Circle, the Chengdu Metropolitan Area, and the Chengdu Plain Economic Zone, known as the "three-circle overlap." ►Transportation Advantages: A Three-Dimensional Transportation Network Integrating Highways, Railways, and Air Travel Highways: Railways: Lezhi is the only county-level city in China where two high-speed railways with a designed speed of 350 km/h intersect and share a station in a crossover configuration. Aviation: Distances from Lezhi County to nearby airports: 50 km to Tianfu International Airport, 105 km to Shuangliu International Airport, 169 km to Jiangbei International Airport, and 138 km to the newly planned Bishan International Airport. It is at an important node of the main corridor connecting the international airports of Chengdu and Chongqing, offering convenient direct flights nationwide and global connectivity. ►Surrounding Industrial Landscape What does Lezhi do? Concentrating the county's efforts on developing the aluminum-based materials industry ►Focusing on the Development of the Aluminum-Based Materials Industry The overall scale of the domestic aluminum semis market is expanding, with sustained growth in market demand. From a national perspective: In 2024, China's aluminum semis production reached 67.831 million mt, showing continuous growth over the past five years. From a provincial perspective: In 2024, Sichuan Province's aluminum semis production reached 2.5105 million mt, up 20.5% YoY, ranking 9th nationwide. From a demand perspective: The proportion of industrial aluminum extrusion continues to rise, with production reaching 11.49 million mt in 2024, accounting for approximately 44%. The Sichuan and Chongqing region is a key aluminum production area and aluminum processing production site in China. The processed products mainly include aluminum extrusions, aluminum plate/sheet and strip, aluminum rods and wires, and aluminum castings. Benefiting from a relatively complete industrial system, the region also boasts strong end-use consumption capacity for aluminum. However, compared to the capacity and production of aluminum processing, the capacity and production of aluminum in the Sichuan and Chongqing region are insufficient. Taking 2023 as a reference, the region's aluminum processing production was approximately 4.09 million mt, accounting for 8.7% of the national total, while the total aluminum production was only about 1.5 million mt, accounting for 3.53% of the domestic total, making it a net aluminum-importing region. In February 2023, Sichuan and Chongqing jointly formulated and issued the "Work Plan for the Collaborative Development of the Sichuan-Chongqing Aluminum Industry Chain." The plan proposes that by 2025, the output value of the Sichuan-Chongqing aluminum industry should reach 400 billion yuan, a group of leading enterprises and specialized and innovative enterprises should be cultivated, and a top-tier high-end aluminum material manufacturing base in the country should be established, aiming to create the strongest high-end aluminum material manufacturing base nationwide. The two regions will jointly promote the supporting of the industry chain, facilitate green and low-carbon development, build an industrial service system, and collaborate in seven aspects to form an "internal circulation" of aluminum industry enterprises in Sichuan and Chongqing, promoting the coordinated and rapid development of the aluminum industry in the region. In terms of market demand, the Sichuan and Chongqing regions regard the development of the aluminum industry as an important support for building two trillion-yuan industrial clusters in electronic information and automotive industries. ♦Automotive Industry •In recent years, 45 well-known automobile manufacturers, including FAW, Toyota, Changan, Great Wall Motors, Seres, Hyundai, and Lifan, have established operations in Sichuan and Chongqing. •In 2024, the annual automobile production in Sichuan and Chongqing reached 3.43 million units, up 4.1% YoY, accounting for 10.9% of the national total, with an output value exceeding 600 billion yuan. •The automobile ownership in Chengdu and Chongqing both exceeded 6 million units, ranking first and third in the country, respectively. This indicates a robust demand for lightweight aluminum extrusions and other parts in the automotive industry in Sichuan and Chongqing. ♦3C Electronics Industry •As one of the world's largest electronic information manufacturing clusters, the Chengdu-Chongqing region has gathered a large number of upstream and downstream enterprises in the electronic information industry chain. In 2023, the cluster's over 2,000 enterprises above designated size achieved a revenue of 17.1 trillion yuan, accounting for 11.3% of the national total. Two-thirds of the world's iPads, 50% of laptops, 10% of smartphones, and 15% of smart projectors are manufactured in the Chengdu-Chongqing region. This demonstrates that the rapid development of the 3C electronics industry inevitably leads to a huge demand for aluminum heat sinks, aluminum frames, and casings. On July 19, 2024, Lezhi County held the Eighth Plenary Session of the 15th County Party Committee, clarifying that it would rely on the rapidly growing market prospects of NEVs and consumer electronics to focus on developing lightweight aluminum extrusions for automobiles and aluminum extrusion components for 3C electronics, forming automotive parts and electronic information industry clusters, and building a distinctive aluminum-based material industry hub in central Sichuan and Chongqing. ► Fen'an Aluminum's Southwest Base Top 5 Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturers in China Top 10 Leading Aluminum Extrusion Brands in China Top 20 Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturers in China China Manufacturing Champion Enterprise One of the Largest Aluminum Extrusion Product R&D and Manufacturing Enterprises in China 110 patents, including 46 invention patents The Lezhi Base has an annual production capacity of 200,000 mt of new-type high-end aluminum alloy extrusions Representative Products: What Does Lezhi Offer? We are fully committed to supporting enterprises in investing, establishing businesses, and growing in Lezhi ►Park Platform Approved as a provincial-level economic development zone by the Sichuan Provincial Government in January 2019 Park Overview: Planned area of 11.38 sq km, built-up area of 7.81 sq km, encompassing two parks (Xijiao and Wenfeng), with 230 existing industrial enterprises ►Industrial System 1. Aluminum-Based Materials Industry: Focuses on the finished aluminum semis industry, with a priority on attracting enterprises specializing in lightweight automotive aluminum extrusions and 3C electronic aluminum components. 2. Electronic Information Industry: Primarily attracts electronic information enterprises specializing in electronic components, intelligent terminals, camera modules, and aluminum structural components for 3C electronic products. 3. Smart Logistics Industry: Centered around Shanghai Yunda, focuses on attracting logistics supporting projects such as express delivery, e-commerce logistics, urban and rural distribution, and cold chain warehousing. ►Investment Policies Eight Supportive Policies for the Aluminum-Based Materials Industry 1. Support for Building Industrial Ecosystems and Strengthening Industrial Chains: 20% subsidy for fixed asset investments 2. Support for Public Service Platform Construction: 1 million yuan subsidy 3. Support for Enterprises in Attracting Talent and Maintaining Employment Stability 4. Support for Trade Entity Operations 5. Encouragement of Technological Innovation by Enterprises: Maximum reward of 5 million yuan 6. Support for Enterprise Brand Creation 7. Strengthening Financial Service Support 8. Support for Enterprises in Expanding Markets ►Cost Advantages Costs of Water, Electricity, and Gas Resources ►Cost Advantages ►Service Mechanism We sincerely invite: You to invest and establish businesses in Lezhi, become partners in Lezhi's urban development, and experience the "Lezhi Service" and "Lezhi Efficiency" to achieve optimal development and maximum profits. We solemnly promise: To "be present when needed, not interfere when not, act promptly, and ensure tasks are completed effectively," fully guaranteeing project construction and supporting enterprise development. 》Click to view the special report on the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 18th, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Global Secondary Aluminum Industry Development Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Exchange Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., WENCESLAO MANZANO HERNANDEZ, President of DIMEXA HOLDINGS PTE. LTD., provided an interpretation of Mexico's export policies for secondary metals. Mexico: A Key Trading Partner Mexico is a crucial participant in the global economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $1.79 trillion, making it the world's 12th largest economy. In 2024, Mexico's total trade volume with the US reached $843 billion, becoming the largest trading partner of the US, surpassing Canada and China. In the same year, Mexico's total trade volume with China reached $100 billion. Mexico has the largest number of free trade agreements, with 13 agreements covering at least 50 countries. Main Products Exported by Mexico Automobiles and automotive parts, electronics and electrical equipment, machinery and industrial equipment, mineral fuels and oil, and agricultural products, among others. US-Mexico Trade Relations In 2018, the US imposed tariffs under "Section 232" on steel (with a 25% tariff) and aluminum (with a 10% tariff) imported from multiple countries, including Mexico. ・This raised concerns about damage to the integrated supply chain, particularly in the automotive industry. ・In 2019, the US agreed to remove the "Section 232" tariffs on steel and aluminum imported from Mexico and Canada. ・Part of the purpose of this decision was to facilitate the ratification of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Aluminum Scrap Market ・Mexico exports aluminum scrap to multiple destinations worldwide. ・Single-alloy scrap is mainly exported to the US, Brazil, and Europe. For example, scrap of grades 5052, 6,016, 5,081, 3003, etc. ・Most casting alloys are consumed within Mexico's domestic automotive industry, with only a small amount exported. For example, casting alloys of grades A380, AC12, etc. ・Some other mixed-grade aluminum scrap is exported to Asia. For example, Taint Tabor, aluminum radiators. Copper Scrap Market ・China is by far the largest consumer of copper scrap. ・There is also domestic demand in the US for some higher-grade copper scrap. ・Mexico does not import copper scrap from the US; if copper scrap is imported from the US to Mexico, a 16% VAT is required. Opportunities for Mexico in the Non-Ferrous Metals Market ・Production Growth and Rising Demand. Mexico's expanding manufacturing sector (automotive, electronics) drives production and demand for recycled non-ferrous metals. ・Proximity to the US: Close trade ties with the US facilitate scrap metal trade. ・Increased Recycling Awareness: Growing concerns over environmental issues drive recycling efforts. ・Investment in Advanced Recycling Technologies: In Mexico, there is a growing demand and opportunity to invest in modern technologies for sorting, processing, and refining non-ferrous metal scrap. ・Development of Specialized Recycling Processes: With the growth of industries such as electronics and renewable energy in Mexico, there are opportunities to develop specialized recycling processes for specific non-ferrous metals. For example, recycling of batteries and electronic waste. Challenges for Mexico in the Non-Ferrous Metals Market ・Market Volatility: Similar to global commodities, prices of non-ferrous metals can be volatile, affecting profitability. The Mexican market is guided by the London Metal Exchange but is also influenced by the Chicago Metal Exchange and Midwest Premium in the US. ・Logistics and Infrastructure: Mexico's domestic infrastructure varies, and there are logistical bottlenecks that complicate the collection, processing, and transportation of scrap. ・Regulatory Issues: Evolving or unclear regulations regarding scrap handling, import/export, and environmental compliance can create uncertainty and increase operational costs. ・Quality and Sorting: Ensuring scrap quality and proper sorting is challenging, especially in finding qualified labor. ・Competition: The market may face competition from both domestic and overseas participants, including established recycling companies and the informal sector. ・Economic Uncertainty: Mexico's overall economic conditions, including currency fluctuations and potential economic slowdowns, may affect demand and investment in the industry. ・Safety Concerns: In some regions, safety issues and organized crime may pose risks to companies involved in the collection and transportation of valuable non-ferrous metals. Importance of Establishing Partnerships ・Navigating Regulations and Bureaucracy: Mexico's regulatory environment is complex. Local partners are often more familiar with the rules, licensing requirements, and procedures, which can help streamline business operations and ensure compliance. • Establishing a Local Network: Building partnerships can provide connections to existing networks of suppliers, buyers, and other industry participants. This is crucial for sourcing scrap, selling processed metals, and establishing solid business relationships. DIMEXA Dimexa is a leading company in Mexico specializing in the management of industrial and post-consumer non-ferrous metal scrap. With 40 years of experience in the market, Dimexa currently sells 300,000 mt of non-ferrous metal scrap annually. • Scrap Metal Management: Dimexa offers comprehensive services, including the collection, processing, and sale of scrap. • National Presence: Dimexa operates 17 scrap recycling yards across Mexico. • Logistics Capabilities: Dimexa has a large fleet of vehicles and containers for efficient collection and delivery of materials. It currently handles an average of 1,000 containers per month. • Focus on Compliance: The company emphasizes adherence to environmental regulations and holds all necessary permits to operate across Mexico. • Market Reach: Dimexa has over 35 years of experience selling to the Chinese market and other international markets. 》Click to view the special report on AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 18, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Trading Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Professor and Doctoral Supervisor GENG Lin from the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Harbin Institute of Technology shared the current status of preparation, processing, and application of aluminum matrix composites. Research Background of Aluminum Matrix Composites National Significant Demand for Metal Matrix Composites Aerospace: Large aircraft, heavy helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, carrier-based aircraft, hypersonic vehicles, near-space vehicles, and strategic transport aircraft. Space: Heavy-lift launch vehicles, manned lunar missions, lunar bases, Mars sampling, small celestial body exploration, Jupiter system exploration, and satellites. Other Fields: Robotics, rail transit, new energy vehicles (NEVs), deep-sea/deep-earth/polar exploration equipment, 3C electronics, etc. Metal matrix composites have taken the first step towards large-scale engineering applications in China's aerospace, defense, electronics, construction machinery, and other fields, becoming one of the irreplaceable basic raw materials for major national projects. He introduced the development history of aluminum matrix composites and pointed out that China ranks among the top internationally in terms of the total number of papers and the number of highly cited papers on aluminum matrix composites. ►Current Status of R&D on Aluminum Matrix Composites in China: Mainly concentrated in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace and defense. Aluminum matrix composites have achieved widespread application in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace and defense, meeting the demands for small-batch, multi-variety, and customized production. ►One of the Bottleneck Issues in Widespread Application: The strong-toughness inversion problem, where stiffness and strength increase while plasticity decreases. Nature-inspired configuration-based composite strengthening and toughening design has become the main trend in the development of aluminum matrix composites in recent years. In terms of preparation technology, the influencing factors of composite systems are complex: High-quality preparation technologies that match different composite systems need to be selected to meet the demands of complex multi-field coupling applications. In terms of forming and processing technology, the mechanism of microstructure evolution during the forming process is complex: Suitable forming and processing technologies need to be developed to meet the demands for precise shape and property control of complex thin-walled components. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites The preparation of discontinuously reinforced aluminum matrix composites involves various complex processes. Developing suitable preparation technologies is the key to obtaining high-performance composites. II. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Solid Phase Method (Powder Metallurgy) The solid phase method refers to the process of preparing metal matrix composites with the matrix in a solid state. Advantages: Lower preparation temperature, easily controlled interfacial reactions, fine microstructure, and high composite performance. It provides analyses of relevant cases, including aluminum matrix composites reinforced with uniformly configured ceramic particles based on traditional ball milling processes, CNT/Al composites with a brick-and-mortar configuration based on flake powder metallurgy, multimodal aluminum matrix composites based on multi-step ball milling, and aluminum matrix composites reinforced with phase change materials. II. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Solid Phase Method (Hot Isostatic Pressing) The hot isostatic pressing process involves placing the product in a sealed container, applying isotropic pressure to the product while simultaneously applying high temperature. Under the combined effects of high temperature and pressure, the product undergoes sintering and densification. Most production-scale hot isostatic presses have a maximum operating temperature of approximately 1400°C, with maximum pressures ranging from 100 to 200 MPa. The total tonnage of the largest modern hot isostatic press is approximately 400,000 kN (40,000 tons-force). Example: During the hot isostatic pressing preparation of high volume fraction SiCp/Al composites, the matrix aluminum alloy exists in a solid-liquid two-phase region, facilitating easier densification of the composite under high temperature and pressure conditions. II. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Liquid Phase Method (Squeeze Casting) Preform Preparation: Preparing uniformly porous preforms through physical sedimentation; preparing biomimetic configured preforms using methods such as freeze casting and 3D printing. Composite Preparation: Infiltrating molten aluminum into the pores of the preform through mechanical pressurization to achieve the preparation of high-performance composites. It discusses relevant cases, including aluminum matrix composites reinforced with uniformly configured particles, aluminum matrix composites reinforced with uniformly configured whiskers, and biomimetic configured aluminum matrix composites. II. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Liquid Phase Method (Vacuum Pressure Infiltration) Vacuum pressure infiltration is similar to squeeze casting, primarily involving the preparation of ceramic porous preforms first, followed by the combination of a vacuum environment and gas pressure pressurization conditions to enable the aluminum alloy melt to fill the micropores of the preform and solidify, thereby preparing aluminum matrix composites. It introduces relevant cases of low-expansion, high-volume fraction particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites and biomimetic configured aluminum matrix composites. II. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Liquid Phase Method (Stir Casting) Basic Principle: Directly adding particles into the semi-solid melt of the matrix metal to increase the shear stress during stirring, enabling uniform dispersion of the particles in the metal melt. Subsequently, rapidly heating to the liquid state to improve the casting liquidity, and finally casting into ingots, castings, etc. Key technologies: Improvement of wettability between the melt and the reinforcement phase, uniform dispersion of the reinforcement phase, and control of oxidation and gas absorption in the metal melt. Technological advantages: Suitable for industrial-scale production; simple process and low manufacturing costs. Preparation capacity: The production scale of stir casting typically ranges from a few kilograms in the laboratory to several dozen tons in industrial production. It elaborates on cases such as the stir casting preparation technology for SiC particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites, graphite particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites, and in-situ TiB₂-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The fluoride salt method mainly involves the reaction of two salts, generating fluoride salt by-products; the master alloy method produces no by-products but has high requirements for raw materials; the in-situ reaction-generated TiB₂ particle composite casting ingot can currently reach a maximum of 11t, providing ingots for subsequent plastic processing to prepare large components. TiB₂ particles exhibit a network-like distribution. Their size can be controlled within the nanometer to submicron range, with regular particle shapes and no significant agglomeration; the in-situ reaction-generated TiB₂ particles have a good interface bonding with the aluminum matrix and are in a coherent relationship, making them ideal reinforcing ceramic particles. TiB₂ particles are excellent grain refiners. In the molten metal, TiB₂ particles act as the core for heterogeneous nucleation, providing more nucleation sites during metal crystallization, ultimately resulting in finer and more uniform grains; a large number of dislocation tangles exist near TiB₂ particles as the second phase particles, effectively hindering dislocation movement during deformation, thereby enhancing the material's strength. Compared to the matrix alloy, the HCF ultimate strength of TiB₂ particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites is increased by 22% to 44%, reaching up to 730MPa; fine TiB₂ particles can inhibit fatigue crack initiation, avoiding the tendency for premature fatigue crack initiation due to particle-interface debonding and particle fracture. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Additive Manufacturing Method Based on additive manufacturing technology, it enables the net-shape forming of complex structural metal components with integrated material-structure, providing a new technological approach for the design and manufacture of high-performance components in aerospace, mainly divided into laser additive manufacturing, arc additive manufacturing, friction stir manufacturing, etc. Preparation Technology of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Additive Manufacturing Method (Laser Additive) Under the action of a laser beam, metal powder is melted and rapidly solidified to form a new layer of material. This process is carried out layer by layer until a complete three-dimensional object is constructed; based on the specified reinforcement particles and Al matrix that have been added, induced grain refinement can be achieved.The lower interatomic mismatch between the α-Al matrix and TiB₂ leads to a decrease in the critical nucleation undercooling ΔT, which can repair crack formation in alloys prone to cracking during the L-PBF process. The addition of second-phase hard particles can significantly refine the microstructure, resulting in higher yield strength due to grain boundary strengthening, as verified in TiB₂-reinforced AlSi10Mg alloys and TiC/TiH₂-reinforced Al2024 alloys. In addition to grain boundary strengthening, the yield strength of the L-PBF TiB₂/AlSi10Mg alloy is increased to approximately 362-407 MPa due to the enhanced resistance to dislocation motion caused by the hard particles. II. Fabrication Technologies for Aluminum Matrix Composites - Additive Manufacturing (Friction Stir) Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) involves local plastic deformation of metal materials using a high-speed rotating stirring tool, followed by layer-by-layer accumulation under pressure to achieve the fabrication of highly dense metal structures. The advantages of FSAM include low-temperature processing, energy conservation and environmental protection, applicability to difficult-to-weld materials, and low residual stress. It is mainly used for the compounding of dissimilar materials and the repair of high-value components, suitable for the efficient large-scale forming of materials such as aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys. The NiTip/Al interface prepared by friction stir additive manufacturing exhibits good bonding without the formation of harmful reaction products. The addition of NiTip forms a fine-grained microstructure with good dispersion, accelerating dynamic recovery by increasing the matrix deformation and promoting dynamic recrystallization through particle-stimulated nucleation. The unique fine-grained microstructure, uniformly dispersed NiTip, and well-bonded NiTip/Al interface significantly enhance strength without adversely affecting ductility. II. Fabrication Technologies for Aluminum Matrix Composites - Additive Manufacturing (Arc Additive) Arc additive manufacturing is a directed energy deposition (DED) 3D printing technology based on arc welding principles, constructing parts by depositing metal materials layer by layer. The grain size of the TiN/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy is refined from 459.3 μm to 104.6 μm, attributed to the formation of Al₃Ti particles acting as nucleating agents, resulting in increased tensile strength in both the horizontal and vertical directions. In the horizontal direction, the tensile strength increases from 207 MPa to 284 MPa. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites III. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Hot Extrusion Hot extrusion enables the production of complex cross-sectional profiles, with only compressive and shear stresses applied during the forming process, resulting in good surface finish of the produced parts. Computer simulation can assist process engineers in understanding the metal flow patterns during profile extrusion, predicting defects in advance, optimizing die design, and improving profile quality. III. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Forging Based on the simulation of material flow behavior, potential deformation defects can be predicted, providing a theoretical basis for formulating process measures to prevent crack formation. By establishing a hot working map based on the dynamic material model, the optimal processing conditions for the material can be accurately predicted. A multi-scale thermo-mechanical coupling model for composites was established to simulate the deformation process and microstructure. As a result, SiC/Al forgings with diameters ranging from 1760 to 2500mm were successfully developed in one attempt. Numerical simulations of the isothermal forging process for blades/housings were conducted using finite element software to obtain strain distribution and load data. Reasonable forging process parameters were then formulated, ultimately resulting in forgings with ideal microstructure and properties. By combining finite element simulation with hot compression experiments, the influence of deformation process parameters on the damage field, stress-strain field, and temperature field during the forging process of SiCp/Al composites was investigated. The issue of cracking in heterogeneous and difficult-to-deform composite forging blanks was addressed through a combination of upset forging with a can and two-way forging processes. Large annular forgings of aluminum matrix composites were successfully trial-produced using isothermal precision die forging, with excellent forming quality and significantly refined shape and dimensions. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Rolling By simulating the residual stress distribution during the rolling process, rolling process parameters can be optimized to reduce residual stress generation, thereby improving the quality and precision of rolled products. During the rolling process, there exists a mechanism of small-sized phase fragmentation and phase transformation, as well as a refinement mechanism where large-sized phases are broken down into smaller ones. After rolling, the material forms a fibrous microstructure with grains aligned along the rolling direction, resulting in an elongated grain structure. Rolling can be divided into cold rolling and hot rolling. Cold rolling significantly increases strength and hardness due to work hardening effects, but reduces plasticity. Hot rolling results in a more uniform microstructure with lower internal stresses, but lower strength. By optimizing rolling parameters and process routes, profiles suitable for automotive or aerospace applications can be prepared. III. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Welding On an A356 aluminum alloy substrate, a gradient structure composite can be manufactured using a brazing layer of SiCp/Al composite with varying contents. The welding area is defect-free, continuous, and free of cracks and pores, with good bonding at the gradient structure interface. III. Forming and Processing of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Machining Particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites: The main parameters affecting the grinding process include grinding wheel speed (vs), table speed (vw), grinding depth (ap), and maximum undeformed chip thickness (hmax). Among these, grinding at high grinding wheel speeds (vs) results in composites with higher surface quality and more ductile deposition zones. Reducing the undeformed chip thickness (hmax) will decrease the number of effective abrasive grains involved in grinding, thereby controlling the pore size on the composite surface and the thickness of the damaged layer, which is beneficial for reducing the formation of subsurface microcracks and pores. The main parameters affecting the turning process include spindle speed (n), feed rate (f), nose radius (r0), cutting depth, etc. Low spindle speed and feed rate are conducive to reducing stress concentration in composites, minimizing the collapse, pull-out, and pitting of SiCp. Whisker-reinforced aluminum matrix composites: The reinforcement phase consists of whiskers with a large aspect ratio, exhibiting anisotropy, making the cutting process more complex. Applications of Aluminum Matrix Composites IV. Applications of Aluminum Matrix Composites - Overseas It introduces the overseas applications of aluminum matrix composites and points out that the development of overseas discontinuous aluminum matrix composites is driven by demand and technological innovation, closely integrating the optimization of preparation processes with multi-domain requirements. Aerospace: The development of lightweight, high-strength, and high-modulus aluminum matrix composites has made it possible to manufacture lightweight, flexible, and high-performance aircraft and satellites in the modern aerospace industry. Weaponry: Discontinuous reinforced aluminum matrix composites possess characteristics such as lightweight, high strength, high-temperature resistance, and impact resistance in the weaponry field, significantly enhancing equipment mobility, battlefield survivability, and service life. 3C Electronics: Aluminum matrix composites, particularly SiC-reinforced aluminum matrix composites, are suitable for manufacturing electronic device liners, heat sinks, and other electronic components due to their advantages of low thermal expansion coefficient, low density, and good thermal conductivity. Click to view the special report on AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Main Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Exchange Center, and Shandong AIS Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Inga Simonenko, Head of Marketing and Low-Carbon Solutions at Rusal, discussed "Exploring Growth Opportunities in a Challenging International Aluminum Market." Topics of great interest in the aluminum industry include the uncertainty in demand recovery due to a new round of trade tensions, the reshaping of supply chains by deglobalization, the challenge posed by the US to the decarbonization agenda, the implementation of carbon taxes, the growth of low-carbon demand, and competition with data centers for low-carbon energy. Global trade and geopolitical tensions have suppressed demand, increased logistics costs, and raised carbon footprints. Meanwhile, China's market share in aluminum semis and aluminum products in developing countries continues to grow. From the perspectives of product categories and trading partners, she introduced China's exports of aluminum products and aluminum wheels. In 2024, the construction sector remained a weak link in the growth of aluminum demand. The recovery of construction activities in regions such as Southeast Asia has become one of the opportunities for demand growth. Key influencing factors: In many developed economies, declining interest rates and persistent housing shortages will drive growth in construction activities. Infrastructure investment is shifting from transportation to utilities. To achieve climate goals, there is a renewed focus on decarbonizing the power grid. Emerging Asia will be the fastest-growing region. Strong demographic trends, significant foreign investment, and government policies will ensure that Southeast Asia has the fastest-growing construction market. Increased geopolitical uncertainty may drive up construction costs. In 2025, the power and automotive sectors will be the two key drivers of aluminum demand growth. Electric vehicles (EVs) play a significant role in driving aluminum demand growth in the automotive industry, while the growth trend in vehicle production is difficult to sustain, posing further challenges. Five major components driving aluminum usage per vehicle: electric drive housing, battery pack housing, large/mega castings, protective components, and battery cooling plates. Primary aluminum demand in developed countries has started to recover from a low base compared to the peak in 2018. As China seeks new growth points, demand in the rest of the world is accelerating. The global market will shift from balance in 2024 to shortage in 2025. The implementation of US import tariffs in 2025 has emerged as a major challenge for regional trade flows, potentially curbing the growth of aluminum demand. Additionally, Trump's reduction in funding for the decarbonization agenda will increase the cost of the US's low-carbon transition. This has hindered the net-zero transition and the growth of low-carbon aluminum demand in the US and globally. Enterprises with ESG principles are adjusting their decarbonization goals—only a minority of aluminum end-users are practicing them. It lists the revisions and progress of decarbonization goals of some well-known enterprises. Meanwhile, the establishment of regional premiums for low-carbon aluminum underscores the sustained growth in demand for low-carbon aluminum. In the foreseeable future, primary aluminum will remain the primary metal source, while the share of secondary aluminum will increase. The ceiling on China's primary aluminum capacity is accelerating the advancement of new smelting projects overseas. Aluminum smelter projects relying on high-carbon energy pose challenges to green development. At the same time, China has introduced policies to promote the low-carbon development of the aluminum industry. By 2030, the electricity required by data centers will exceed the total consumption of all aluminum smelters by 50%, and the aluminum demand for infrastructure will also increase significantly. It introduces: Data centers, like aluminum producers, require a reliable source of electricity. Led by changes in US trade and ESG policies, the aluminum industry is facing new challenges. Revisions to US trade and ESG policies: Posing challenges to overall aluminum demand, reviewing global ESG issues, reshaping supply chains, reviewing global carbon pricing, cost inflation pressures, and posing challenges to low-carbon aluminum demand. Finally, it introduces Rusal: Committed to sustainable and low-carbon aluminum development (LCA). 》Click to view the special report on the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 17, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Aluminum Industry Chain Sustainable Development Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Trading Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Luo Weijie, the Marketing Manager of Press Metal International Ltd., shared the CYCAL brand of secondary aluminum from Press Metal International. He introduced that Press Metal Aluminium Holding Bhd has an annual production of 1.08 million mt of hydropower aluminum ingots and a capacity of 230,000 mt for aluminum extrusion. Press Metal International: Partner in aluminum extrusion engineering solutions and alloy material R&D. Sustainable Development - Vision Management Certification System He elaborated from the perspectives of quality certification, operation and management certification, product certification, and industry certification. Industry Sectors: Automotive Parts, Energy Systems, Consumer Electronics. Automotive Parts Body-in-white components: Bumper beam systems/sill beams/sunroof guide rails, etc.; power battery components: Housing assemblies/end plate structural parts. Energy Systems Thermal management of energy facilities, ESS industry, industrial systems, etc. When we aim to reduce carbon emissions from the supply chain... 》Click to view the special report on AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 17, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminium Conference & Aluminium Industry Expo - Aluminium Industry Chain Sustainable Development Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Exchange Center, and Shandong AIS Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Guo Qi, ASI Assurance Manager of the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI), shared insights on the implementation of global sustainable standards for the aluminium industry chain and the progress in building a sustainable aluminium value chain. The Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) is a global non-profit standard-setting and certification organization. Vision, Mission, and Values Vision: Maximize the contribution of aluminium to a sustainable society. Mission: Recognize and collaboratively promote responsible production, sourcing, and stewardship of aluminium. Values: Ensure inclusivity in work and decision-making processes by promoting the participation of all relevant stakeholders. Encourage broad participation across the entire aluminium value chain, from bauxite and alumina to aluminium (from mining to downstream users). Promote shared responsibility for material management throughout the aluminium life cycle, from extraction, production, and use to recycling. The presentation also covered the brief history of ASI, reasons for its establishment, governance structure, global consistency documentation system, membership growth, ASI today, and its core work. Core Work: ASI collaborates with producers, users, and other stakeholders to promote responsible aluminium production, sourcing, and stewardship, driving transformation in the global aluminium value chain through the following means: • Standard Setting and Certification • Auditor Certification • Training and Capacity Building • Multi-Stakeholder Governance • Indigenous Peoples Advisory Forum (IPAF) • Promoting Collaboration through Partnerships and Mutual Recognition • Impact Assessment and Monitoring ♦ Strategic Evolution… ♦ Joining ASI Be part of a global effort to drive positive change. Enhance performance through focused actions and expand progress on key environmental, social, and governance issues. The presentation also elaborated on ASI certification. ♦ ASI and Climate Climate responsibility of the aluminium industry: Accounts for 2% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂ equivalent) and 4% of global CO₂ emissions. ASI requires certified entities to: Develop greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction plans and use ASI-approved methodologies to ensure that the GHG emission reduction pathway aligns with a 1.5-degree Celsius warming scenario. ♦ ASI's GHG Pathway Methodology… Proven Methodology • It is a method for measuring the long-term GHG emission intensity performance of specific entities, in line with the industry's 1.5-degree scenario. • Respect the 1.5-degree scenario carbon budget for the industry • Warn that the slope may/will change if action is delayed • Forward-looking methodology • Not a measurement standard for "low-carbon," "green," or "net-zero" aluminum ♦ Parallel recognition ♦ Value brought Value to members: • Demonstrate leadership and commitment in responsible production, sourcing, and management of aluminum within the industry • Enhance performance in key Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues through collective action, accelerating the sustainable development process • Access specialized learning resources on ASI aluminum sustainability • Advance the ASI certification process for both the enterprise and its suppliers • Participate in ASI's ongoing work projects from a strategic corporate perspective • Join ASI's governance system, including the operation of various specialized working groups • Utilize ready-made sustainability management tools to efficiently address challenges in the aluminum value chain • Gain the right to use the ASI membership logo and a dedicated display page on the official website Value to ASI: • Promote widespread collaboration and the widespread application of ASI standards within the aluminum value chain • Infuse your professional voice and industry influence into our mission • Create a demand boost for ASI-certified products in downstream markets • Enhance industry awareness of sustainable aluminum • Share your valuable experiences in other responsible sourcing projects 》Click to view the special report on the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Alumina and Aluminum Raw Materials Forum, hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Exchange Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Ding Long, General Manager of the Asia Market Department at Metro Mining Limited, Australia, provided an overview of Metro Mining and shared insights into the potential impact of Indonesia's new alumina production on China's alumina market. Indonesia's Alumina Capacity and Planning As of 2025, Indonesia has 11 alumina projects under construction or planned, with a total capacity of 25.5 million mt. Key Periods: 2024-2025: Approximately 8.5 million mt of new capacity (including production resumptions). After 2025: Over 10 million mt of new capacity is planned. Regional Distribution and Progress of Indonesia's Alumina Capacity Key Region: West Kalimantan (accounting for over 60% of planned projects). Projects with Rapid Progress: •Mempawah Alumina Refinery (3 million mt, with Phase 1 of 1 million mt commissioned in September 2024). •Nanshan Aluminum's Indonesia Base: Total alumina capacity has reached 2 million mt (1 million mt each for Phase 1 and Phase 2), with actual production reaching 1.91 million mt in 2023, accounting for 34.9% of the Southeast Asian market share. The new 2 million mt alumina expansion project is progressing as planned and is expected to be commissioned in 2026. •Jinjiang Group's PT BAP: Total planned capacity of 4.5 million mt/year. Phase 1, a 1 million mt/year alumina refinery, was officially commissioned in January 2025 and is entering the ramp-up stage; Phase 2 (2 million mt/year) is planned to commence in 2026. •A senior executive from Xinfa revealed that Xinfa is preparing to collaborate with local Indonesian enterprises to build power plants and aluminum enterprises. Feasibility studies are currently underway. East Hope Group to Invest in Indonesia's Aluminum Industry Key Region: West Kalimantan (accounting for over 60% of planned projects). East Hope Group: Will launch a 6 million mt alumina and 2.4 million mt aluminum project in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The 6 million mt alumina project, located in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, will leverage the geographical advantages of being "near the port and near the mine" by constructing its own terminal and power plant, forming a closed-loop system of "bauxite mining - alumina smelting - aluminum production." The project will adopt the world's most advanced technology to ensure "ultra-low emissions" and green production, creating 3,000-3,500 jobs. The project will be constructed in three phases, with the first phase of 2 million mt capacity planned for commissioning in 2028. This will directly reduce domestic aluminum enterprises' raw material procurement costs by approximately 15% and mitigate supply chain risks associated with the over-concentration of bauxite sources in Guinea. Risks and Challenges in Investing in Indonesia's Alumina Industry Infrastructure Backwardness: Unstable power supply and high logistics and transportation costs in remote mining areas directly affect production efficiency and operating costs. Environmental Pressures: Stringent government environmental regulations require significant investment in environmental protection facility upgrades, such as waste (e.g., red mud) treatment to meet standards. Policy and Approval Risks: Projects require approval from both Indonesian and domestic governments, and policy adjustments may lead to project delays or terminations. Political and Economic Instability: Includes local separatism, exchange rate fluctuations, inflation risks, and policy uncertainties. Labor Skill Limitations: Alumina production requires skilled workers, but local labor skills are insufficient, and restrictions on foreign labor increase employment costs. Supply Chain Challenges: Poor management of bauxite mining may lead to supply disruptions, and inefficient logistics affect raw material transportation. Natural Disaster Risks: Indonesia is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, and natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis may threaten project safety. Australia Has a Fully Integrated Aluminum Industry But has surplus bauxite available for export to China. History of Bauxite Mining on the Weipa Plateau COMALCO commenced production in Weipa in 1963; signed its first long-term bauxite contract with China from Weipa in 2008; in 2018, Metro established the Hill Alumina Mine 100 km north of Weipa; Weipa Plateau bauxite grade: 50%+ alumina, 8%-12% silica; Metro has 130 million mt of resources; high-alumina bauxite, direct shipping ore; 2025 target to expand to 7 million mt annual production; Metro is Australia's only pure bauxite producer, not producing alumina to compete with its customers in the market. Northern Australian Bauxite Offers Significant Maritime Advantages Shipping time to China: 45 days from Guinea compared to 10 days from northern Australia. Australia's Bauxite Resources Additionally, it provided an overview of the 2024 alumina market disruptions. China's Alumina Trade China's alumina imports are expected to decline. China plays a crucial role in balancing the ROW alumina market. During periods of severe shortages, as seen in 2018, China became a net exporter. After Australia implemented an alumina export ban in 2022, China also increased its alumina exports to Russia. 4-6 mt of bauxite can produce 1 mt of aluminum Global aluminum demand is expected to grow by approximately 40% by 2030 Aluminum is a key metal for long-term renewable energy generation/storage, electric vehicles, and electrification. "By 2030, aluminum use in power generation will more than double that of copper" – IEA The aluminum required for the world's transition to green energy will exceed current power sector consumption by 50%. Solar PV power generation is expected to double in the next four years. By weight, aluminum accounts for 85% of the materials used in solar panels. By 2050, wind turbines will require 35 million mt of aluminum annually (4% of materials used). The EV industry will increase global aluminum consumption by 60% to 31.7 million mt by 2030. By 2030, China's aluminum consumption is expected to grow by 12.3 million mt to 56.1 million mt (47% of global demand). Asia (excluding China) aluminum consumption is expected to grow by 8.6 million mt by 2030, with approximately 61% coming from India (35%), the Middle East (19%), and Japan (7%). Aluminum: Already Essential in Modern Society, "Critical" for Energy Transition Technologies •Diverse demand for aluminum in the clean energy transition; •40% growth in aluminum demand from 2020 to 2030; •3-4% annual growth, higher than potential GDP growth. The EV industry will increase global aluminum consumption in transportation by 60% to 31.7 million mt by 2030 Aluminum is characterized by its lightweight, corrosion resistance, durability, high strength, low cost, and high electrical conductivity •It is expected that by 2030, the use of aluminum in European vehicles (both gasoline and electric) will increase from the current 197 kg to 256 kg. •EVs have a higher aluminum content compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, approximately 30% higher For example, Tesla's all-aluminum chassis is a notable example. •By 2030, the global EV fleet is expected to reach 40 million units, a transformation that will revolutionize the automotive industry and significantly boost aluminum demand. •In EV batteries, aluminum is the second most important metal element, accounting for approximately 20% of the battery by weight. Aluminum is extensively used in battery components such as the casing, cathode, and current collector. •EV charging infrastructure will also heavily rely on aluminum for transmission cables, casings, heat sinks, and screw holes. Introduction to Metro Mining Limited Since its commissioning in 2018, Metro Mining Limited has become Australia's second major, independent, and reliable bauxite producer, headquartered in Brisbane, Queensland, with mining operations on the Weipa Plateau. Under the leadership of the management team of newly appointed CEO Mr. Simon Wensley in July 2021, this Australian publicly listed firm has established a reputation for timely bauxite supply in the international financial markets, particularly in the Chinese bauxite market. Metro: Summary and Updates Despite significant impacts from typhoons, 2023 production and shipments reached a record 4.6 million wet metric tons (WMT). Total shipments in 2024 reached 5.7 million WMT, an annual record, representing a 24% increase from 2023. Ikamba demonstrated operational resilience under adverse weather conditions in the second half of December. The 2025 shipment target is 6.5 million to 7 million WMT. Production has commenced. The first shipment of bauxite in 2025 began loading on March 20. Additionally, it provided an overview of Metro's production process, the commissioning of apron feeders and vibrating screens, the commencement of operations at the Ikamba – offshore floating terminal, and the experienced leadership team and board of directors. 》Click to view the special report on the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference and Aluminum Industry Expo—Alumina and Aluminum Raw Material Forum , hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Trading Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Lin Jinyu, a researcher at SPIC Aluminum International Trading Co., Ltd., shared a study on "Research on Aluminum Price Changes in 2025 Under Green Transition." Does Supply and Demand Really Determine Prices? The End of the Last Cycle Is the Beginning of the Next For producers, inflation is both an opportunity and a challenge. Rising commodity prices allow producers to gain more profit, but if raw materials cannot be secured, it may lead to production halts. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure raw material reserves and hedging. For processing enterprises, there is no need to overly focus on price differences over 3-5 days or even about a month. Instead, they should aim to lock in the "quantity" and "price" of raw materials in the broader trend, as tomorrow's orders will always be more profitable than today's. For traders, it is crucial to seize structural market opportunities. Supply vs. Price Perspective 1. What Determines the Change in Commodity Prices? In past studies, we always believed that reduced supply leads to price increases, increased demand leads to price increases, and declining inventory leads to price increases, among others. 2. A Real Case of Aluminum However, from the operational mechanism of aluminum prices from 2012 to 2024, the above conclusions are not accurate. Only during certain periods in 2012-2013 and 2020-2021 did rising supply lead to falling aluminum prices. 3. Actual Patterns More often, rising supply is accompanied by rising prices, while declining supply is often accompanied by falling prices. Over the past decade, this has been a more probable event behind the operation of aluminum prices. 4. Why Is This the Case? Because high aluminum prices always stimulate producers to increase production, while low aluminum prices often force high-cost capacity to exit the market due to unprofitability. This indirectly proves the scientific logic behind price increases leading to production growth and price decreases leading to production cuts. The conclusion that increased supply will lead to price declines is at least not rigorous. Demand vs. Price Perspective 1. What Determines the Change in Commodity Prices? From the demand perspective, declining inventory indicates increased apparent demand, which should also be accompanied by rising prices. 2. A Real Case of Aluminum However, from the operational mechanism of aluminum prices from 2012 to 2024, the above conclusions are also not precise. From 2016 to 2024, there were multiple cases of rising inventory with rising prices and declining inventory with falling prices. 3. Actual Patterns This indicates that supply and demand fundamentals based on quantity (inventory) cannot precisely predict the operation of aluminum prices. Balance vs. Price Perspective 1. What Determines the Change in Commodity Prices? From the balance perspective, shortages of commodities mean rising prices, while surpluses mean falling prices. 2. A Real Case of Aluminum However, from cases since 2018, the green box areas reflect the above patterns, while the red circle areas show the opposite. 3. Actual Patterns More often, surpluses do not drive prices down but instead drive prices up or cause fluctuations. Similarly, shortages do not necessarily lead to price increases, and significant shortages are often accompanied by price declines or fluctuations. 4. Why Is This the Case? Therefore, the conclusion that shortages or surpluses based solely on quantity will lead to price increases or decreases is at least not rigorous. Supply and Demand Do Not Fully Determine Prices Historical data tells us that reduced supply does not necessarily mean price increases, and increased supply does not necessarily mean price increases. Historical data tells us that increased demand (declining inventory) does not necessarily mean price increases, and decreased demand (rising inventory) does not necessarily mean price increases. Historical data also tells us that shortages do not necessarily drive prices up, and surpluses do not necessarily drive prices down. What Determines Supply? The Development History of China's Aluminum Industry It elaborated on the development history of the aluminum industry based on aluminum production. Four Stages of China's Aluminum Development • 1980-1997: Initial Stage Domestic: External sanctions were lifted, and large-scale loans introduced advanced Western industries. Overseas: The Latin American economic crisis led to industrial outflows, which Asia, including China, benefited from. • 1997-2007: Development Stage Domestic: To address domestic economic bottlenecks and the Asian financial crisis, investments were driven by government bonds. Overseas: China's accession to the WTO attracted significant foreign investment. • 2007-2015: Takeoff Stage Domestic: The 4 trillion yuan government bond investment to address the subprime crisis led to excess funds flowing into real estate, boosting aluminum demand. Overseas: QE1, QE2, QE3 injected $4 trillion, with over 60% flowing into commodity markets. • 2016-2025: Restriction Stage Domestic: A ceiling was set to protect enterprises and prevent disorderly expansion. Overseas: The pandemic, $10 trillion from the US and India, and similar measures from the UK, EU, and Japan entered the commodity market, with aluminum prices peaking and profits nearing 7,000 yuan/mt. Summary of Development History Capital Circulation Drives Supply From the four cycles of aluminum development, none were without the driving force of capital circulation. Since 2015, China has effectively refused to use resources, the environment, and labor as costs to export deflation to currency-producing countries. However, US dollar hegemony remained unshakable at the time. The real game began with the 2015 exchange rate reform. The imported inflation in 2020 was already the swan song of US dollar hegemony. What Determines Demand? It elaborated on the decisive role of US dollar tides on commodity prices over the past 50 years, the events triggered by each wave of US dollar tides, and the commodity price fluctuations caused by these tides. Three Capital Flows Determine Commodity Prices Capital Flow Volume: The most critical factor determining prices is the total volume of circulating capital. Both Friedman and Keynes stated that inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Irving Fisher: MV=PQ Capital Flow Direction: The direction of capital flow between regions also has a decisive impact on prices. Large-scale inflows into the securities market drive stock prices up, while large-scale inflows into the commodity market drive commodity prices up. Capital Flow Speed: Flow speed refers to the interest rates of various currencies. Interest rates are the time cost of prices. When interest rates are low, the speed of currency circulation accelerates, leading to faster asset price increases. Future Projections for Aluminum Supply and Demand It analyzed monetary flow volume, monetary flow speed (US fiscal revenue and expenditure), China's monetary flow speed (RRR cuts and interest rate cuts indicate faster currency circulation in China), and EU and Japan's flow volume and speed (increased flow volume and faster speed in Europe; stable flow volume and slower speed in Europe). Analysis of Monetary Flow Direction Spatial Flow Direction: Monetary flow direction is divided into spatial flow and inter-product flow. Spatial flow refers to the flow within countries. For example, the recent sharp decline in the US dollar index indicates capital outflows from the US, leading to simultaneous declines in US exchange rates, stocks, bonds, and commodity markets. Inter-Regional Flow: The Secret of Capital Circulation It also summarized and analyzed the secrets of trade wars, the different spheres of influence between China and the US, whether currency depreciation equals increased exports, whether tariff wars equal decreased exports, and extreme measures focusing on Russia-Ukraine and the Middle East. Analysis Results • Additions: Mostly Concentrated in Indonesia In 2025, overseas aluminum production is expected to increase by 1.1 million mt, with 750,000 mt concentrated in Indonesia, accounting for 67%. In the long term, of the 8.2 million mt capacity, 4.5 million mt will be commissioned in Indonesia, accounting for 55%. • Limitations: Indonesia's Geopolitical Landscape and Culture Limit Aluminum Efficiency Indonesia, composed of over 17,000 islands, inherently faces challenges in industrial development due to transportation and other factors. Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa have excellent resource endowments, rapid logistics, and prime geographical locations. However, conflicts have hindered industrialization. Significant growth in global aluminum supply and scale will only be achieved when these regions meet the conditions of "harmony among people." It also analyzed the trends of M, V, and Q. Conclusion Price Forecast In the short term, market concerns persist. Whether demand will increase due to tariff reductions requires market validation. In the long term, based on analysis results, M and V increase while Q remains stable. P is bound to rise. There is strong confidence in the medium and long-term trends of aluminum prices. Click to view the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference and Aluminum Industry Expo Special Report

On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo - Alumina and Aluminum Raw Materials Forum, hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd. (SMM), SMM Metal Trading Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-hosted by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi County Qianrun Investment Promotion Service Co., Ltd., Yi Kang, Director of Industrial and Commercial Energy Storage Solutions at the Integrated Energy Business Unit of CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd., elaborated on how new energy enterprises can promote the low-carbon transformation of green electricity. Background and Significance ► Development Background At the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, General Secretary Xi Jinping declared: "China will peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060." The State Council's "2024-2025 Action Plan for Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction" sets a target of approximately 20% non-fossil energy consumption by 2025, along with 27 key tasks across 10 major initiatives, including energy conservation and carbon reduction in industries such as steel, petrochemicals, and chemicals. China's "30/60 Dual Carbon Goals" and "Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction" On March 11, 2025, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and ten other departments issued the "Implementation Plan for High-Quality Development of the Aluminum Industry (2025-2027)." By 2027, the proportion of production capacity above the energy efficiency benchmark level in the aluminum industry will increase to over 30%, and the proportion of clean energy use will exceed 30%. Accelerating the construction of zero-carbon industrial parks will become a key focus for implementing precise emission reductions and achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. Driven by both policies and demand, accelerate the construction of zero-carbon industrial parks. National and local policies emphasize the construction of zero-carbon industrial parks, with 2025 designated as the "first year of zero-carbon industrial park construction." ► Application Background Pain Points in the Aluminum Production Industry The aluminum production industry is characterized by high energy consumption, high carbon emissions, and low energy utilization efficiency. It is imperative to leverage integrated energy systems to create zero-carbon aluminum industrial parks. ► Integrated Energy Systems for Zero-Carbon Industrial Parks Zero-carbon industrial parks: These parks aim to achieve "zero carbon emissions" by offsetting all carbon emissions through collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders across the industrial ecosystem chain, supported by clean energy technologies, carbon recycling, and energy storage and exchange throughout the entire life cycle of park planning, construction, and operation. The core of zero-carbon industrial parks is to construct integrated energy systems primarily based on renewable energy. Integrated energy systems for zero-carbon industrial parks: Features include integrating technologies such as new energy power generation, diversified energy storage, and carbon recycling within the system based on a multi-energy complementary approach, while considering various zero-carbon models like carbon neutrality and carbon recycling externally. This enables integrated planning and coordination of energy demand and supply within the park. Integrated energy systems provide strong support for the construction of low-carbon industrial parks. Construct integrated energy systems that are renewable energy-led and multi-energy complementary to create zero-carbon industrial parks. ► Significance of Zero-Carbon Industrial Parks Energy Conservation and Consumption Reduction: Enterprises can reduce energy costs, improve efficiency, and enhance competitiveness by managing and optimizing energy use and constructing distributed energy systems. Carbon Emission Reduction: Enterprises can reduce carbon emissions, improve environmental performance, and address "carbon tariff" issues by increasing the use of green electricity and direct green electricity supply. Stable Power Supply: Enterprises can improve the reliability and disaster resilience of their power supply, as well as manufacturing efficiency, by diversifying energy supply and deploying energy storage. Zero-carbon industrial parks reshape the competitiveness of the aluminum industry throughout its entire life cycle. System Solutions Integrated Energy Solutions - Overall Architecture for Full Life Cycle Solutions of Zero-Carbon Industrial Parks Complete the construction of zero-carbon industrial parks throughout their entire life cycle through preliminary inventory and planning, mid-term implementation, and post-implementation certification. Integrated Energy Solutions - Carbon Inventory & Carbon Neutrality Planning Conduct carbon inventories for existing industrial parks or estimate carbon emissions for proposed parks, and plan and implement carbon reduction pathways based on inventory results. Integrated Energy Solutions - Integrated Energy Solutions Integrated Energy Systems ► Create an integrated energy system for "generation, grid, load, storage, and control" within the park. ► Optimize dispatching, demand management, and coordinated control of "generation, grid, load, and storage" within the park using a platform as the core link; use the platform as a window for energy and carbon trading externally and to accept direct green electricity supply. Build an integrated energy system to uniformly plan, construct, and operate park energy facilities, reducing energy investment, lowering energy costs, and decreasing regional carbon emissions. Integrated Energy Solutions - System Advantages Safer Systems: Intelligent DC arc detection technology, active arc protection, and millisecond-level power cutoff; multiple active safety designs + a pyramid-style fire protection system to reinforce energy storage safety; 3D comprehensive situation awareness for intelligent early warning of core equipment. More Reliable Power Supply: High/low voltage ride-through capability with 30ms reactive power support and 1s response for AGC/AVC dispatching; minute-level black start capability and seamless switching between grid-connected and island modes; application of control methods such as virtual inertia and model predictive control to achieve microgrid system stability. Lower Levelized Cost of Electricity: A two-layer optimization model achieves optimal configuration and optimized dispatching of microgrid system capacity; charging/discharging volume increased by ≥8%; M♦♦T tracking achieves 99.9% system efficiency; dynamic demand control + diversified coordinated control technologies enhance microgrid revenue. Smarter Operation and Maintenance: Strict classification of fault types, intelligent fault alarms, and overall fault management; advance creation and automatic association of operation and maintenance work orders with multiple notification modes; permanent storage of alarm information for big data storage and quick data localization. Provide high-safety, high-reliability, high-revenue, and smarter products and technologies. Integrated Energy Solutions - Generation: Distributed Power Sources + Direct Green Electricity Supply New Energy Supply System: Leverage CRRC Zhuzhou Institute's distributed PV solutions and decentralized wind power solutions to create a distributed new energy supply system within the park; leverage CRRC Zhuzhou Institute's centralized PV solutions and centralized wind power solutions to create centralized wind and solar power bases outside the park for direct green electricity supply. The new energy supply system reduces energy costs and carbon emissions within the park, laying a solid foundation for creating a zero-carbon industrial park. Distributed power sources within the park and direct green electricity supply outside the park reduce grid electricity purchases and create a zero-carbon industrial park. Integrated Energy Solutions - Grid: AC Microgrid An AC networking solution that highly integrates the generation-grid-load-storage system, ensuring stable power supply and cost efficiency through day-night switching modes. Integrated Energy Solutions - Grid: DC Microgrid The power router supports AC/DC, multi-port, and multi-voltage access, serving as the core equipment for constructing AC/DC hybrid microgrids. It enables key functions such as power collection, transmission, storage, and distribution within the system, significantly improving operational efficiency. ♦ Simplified Access for Generation, Load, and Storage: Provides simplified networking solutions for multiple energy types (wind, PV, fuel cell cogeneration), diverse energy storage forms, and different loads, reducing conversion losses and improving efficiency by over 2 percentage points. ♦ Prefabricated Elastic Deployment: Adopts a high-frequency isolation scheme to achieve "silicon replacing copper," significantly reducing transformer volume and weight, decreasing floor space by over 40% compared to traditional solutions, and lowering construction costs. ♦ Intelligent Power Management: Full control of energy flow at each port, convenient and safe rapid fault isolation and protection; value-added services based on energy management systems to diversify revenue streams. The DC networking microgrid solution improves efficiency by over 2%, reduces floor space by 40%, and saves 30% on cable costs. Integrated Energy Solutions - Load: Industrial Energy Consumption Characteristics Energy Consumption Characteristics of the Park: Major energy-consuming processes such as electrolytic cells and roasting furnaces are predominantly DC loads, with a high proportion of DC power consumption in the entire aluminum production process. AC power supply systems require rectification. Logistics and transportation exhibit an electrification trend, with future transportation energy consumption primarily relying on electricity, and high-power charging piles mainly using DC. The electricity generated by new energy power generation systems is DC, which normally needs to be inverted to AC for power supply. In response to the load characteristics of the park, adopt AC/DC networking, combined with DC power generation from new energy sources, to provide DC power supply to the park, reducing inversion and rectification losses and improving energy utilization efficiency. Construct a new energy power supply microgrid system tailored to the power consumption characteristics of the aluminum production industry to reduce power conversion losses. Integrated Energy Solutions - Storage: Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems Park Energy Storage Systems: A full spectrum of user-side products, including distributed energy storage cabinets, large string energy storage containers, and high-voltage cascading systems, covering a wide voltage range from 400V to 35kV. These systems reduce energy costs in the park through peak-valley arbitrage, demand management, demand response, and dynamic capacity expansion, with plans to increase revenue from virtual power plants in the future. They can also serve as emergency power sources when necessary, enhancing power supply safety. Construct user-side energy storage to reduce energy costs and enhance power supply safety. Integrated Energy Solutions - Energy Management Platform Achieve optimized dispatching of integrated energy and low-carbon economic operation through supporting technologies such as "cloud computing, big data, IoT, mobile internet, AI, and blockchain," reducing overall energy consumption in the park system by 5%. Integrated Energy Solutions - Virtual Power Plants/Green Electricity Trading/Carbon Trading Virtual Power Plants: The platform splits virtual power plant management scenarios and multi-province trading functions into microservices, adapting to various types of equipment and business scenarios and flexibly expanding multi-province business usage. Green Electricity Trading: Distributed new energy can be aggregated through virtual power plants to participate in green electricity trading. Carbon Trading: Carbon assets, such as carbon allowances and CCERs, will possess commodity value and can be traded in the carbon market to generate profits. By constructing an integrated energy platform and conducting businesses such as load aggregation and virtual power plants, improve overall energy utilization efficiency and expand revenue sources. Integrated Energy Solutions - Carbon Neutrality Certification It elaborated on the first type: carbon neutrality commitment declaration and the second type: carbon neutrality achievement declaration. Remaining carbon emissions are offset through carbon allowances and other means to achieve a fully low-carbon/zero-carbon industrial park. Application Cases It introduced the industry status, a four-line AC/DC hybrid networking microgrid system for semiconductors, the Kunshan Kesen PV-ESS integrated microgrid system, and the Huadian zero-carbon construction site off-grid microgrid system, among others. Finally, it introduced an overview of CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd., including its technological innovation and industrial overview. 》Click to view the special report on the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference & Aluminum Industry Expo

On April 16, at the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Industry Conference and Aluminum Industry Expo—Alumina and Aluminum Raw Materials Forum, hosted by SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd., SMM Metal Trading Center, and Shandong Aisi Information Technology Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Zhongyifeng Jinyi (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Lezhi Qianrun Investment Service Co., Ltd., Wang Zhaoyang, General Manager of Luoyang Wanji Carbon Co., Ltd., analyzed the technology and market development trends of graphitized cathodes. **Applications, Processes, and Standards of Aluminum Cathodes** Aluminum cathodes: high-graphite cathode carbon blocks, fully graphitized cathode carbon blocks. Classification of aluminum cathode carbon blocks: Semi-graphite cathodes: Using high-temperature electrically calcined anthracite as the aggregate and medium or high-temperature pitch as the adhesive, this product has poor conductivity, weak corrosion resistance, and a short cell life (around 1,000 days). It no longer meets current industrial policies and market demands and has been phased out. High-graphite cathodes: Using high-temperature electrically calcined anthracite and graphite scraps as the aggregate and medium or high-temperature pitch as the adhesive, this product has average conductivity, slightly better corrosion resistance, and a moderate cell life (around 1,800 days). It remains a good choice for aluminum companies focused on price but is expected to be phased out in the near future. Graphitized cathodes: Using calcined petroleum coke as the aggregate and medium or high-temperature pitch as the adhesive, with high-temperature graphitization heat treatment at 3,000°C, this product offers excellent conductivity, significant power savings, and a cell life exceeding 3,500 days. It is gradually becoming the mainstream in the market. **KHD Cathode Vibration Molding Machine (Germany)** Key features: 1. Continuous vacuum extraction; 2. Low porosity of products; 3. Uniform texture of products; 4. High bulk density of products. **Ring-Type Covered Roasting Furnace** Key features: 1. Excellent insulation, uniform heating of products; 2. Stable internal structure; 3. High coking value of products, 2-3% higher than open furnaces. **Internal Heat Series Graphitization Furnace** Key features: 1. High power efficiency; 2. Uniform graphitization; 3. Stable product quality. **U-Type Internal Series Graphitization Furnace** Graphitization process: By combining cathode roasted products into a circuit as conductors, using electric energy to heat the cathode to around 3,000°C, and utilizing thermal activation to transform thermodynamically unstable carbon atoms from a disordered layered structure to an ordered graphite crystal structure, while removing impurities such as sulfur, vanadium, iron, and silicon, high-quality graphite is produced. **Processing Unit** Key features: 1. High processing precision; 2. Exquisite product appearance; 3. High automation and capacity; 4. Effective dust collection. He also introduced the standards for aluminum cathode carbon blocks. **The Important Role of Cathodes in Aluminum Electrolysis Cells** Applications of cathode carbon blocks: 1. Cathode carbon blocks are an essential component of the lining in aluminum electrolysis cells. 2. The performance of cathode carbon blocks significantly impacts the power consumption and cell life of electrolysis cells. 3. As a container, cathode carbon blocks must withstand corrosion from molten aluminum and electrolyte while ensuring uniform current distribution in the aluminum and electrolyte. Cathode carbon blocks play a crucial role in electrolysis cells, often referred to as the "kidneys" of the cell. The quality of the cathode directly affects the cell's lifespan and economic efficiency and is critical for cell maintenance. ►Container function: Cathodes, paste, and side carbon blocks together form a container where molten aluminum and electrolyte are held, undergoing processes such as heating, electrolysis, and aluminum tapping. ►Thermal conductivity and high-temperature resistance: Aluminum electrolysis cells operate at temperatures above 930°C, requiring heat-resistant materials to withstand the heat and good thermal conductivity to distribute heat evenly across the cathode, preventing significant thermal stress and deformation. ►Conductivity: Current enters the cell through the steel rod at the cathode bottom, distributing relatively evenly across the cell base. After passing through the molten aluminum and electrolyte, it forms a circuit with the anode, enabling electrochemical reactions and completing the electrolysis process. Cathode voltage drop is a key parameter for cell operation. ►Corrosion resistance: Cathodes must withstand sodium salt erosion in molten salts and prevent the formation of Al₄C₃, requiring high stability in the carbon atom structure of the cathode lining. **Reasons for the Rise of Graphitized Cathodes** Why use graphite to make aluminum cathodes? Graphite is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, with thermal and electrical conductivity comparable to most metals but with unique characteristics. While the thermal conductivity of most metals increases with temperature, graphite's thermal conductivity decreases. At extremely high temperatures, graphite becomes thermally insulating, making it a reliable thermal insulation material under ultra-high temperatures. **Properties of Graphite** ►High-temperature resistance: Graphite has a melting point of 3,850°C and a boiling point of 4,250°C, with strength increasing with temperature. It is commonly used in missile and rocket burner throat materials and is an important material in aerospace and military industries. ►High electrical and thermal conductivity: Graphite's electrical conductivity is 100 times higher than that of most non-metallic ores. Its thermal conductivity exceeds that of steel, iron, and lead. Thermal conductivity decreases with temperature, and at extremely high temperatures, graphite becomes an insulator. ►Lubricity: Graphite's lubricating properties depend on the size of its flakes. Larger flakes result in a lower friction coefficient and better lubrication. It is often used in high-temperature bearings without the need for additional lubricants. ►Chemical stability and plasticity: Graphite has excellent chemical stability at room temperature, resisting acid, alkali, and organic solvent corrosion. It is also highly malleable and can be processed into thin sheets and various shapes. ►Thermal shock resistance: Graphite can withstand drastic temperature changes without damage. Its volume changes minimally during sudden temperature shifts, preventing cracks. **Advantages of Graphite Materials in Cathode Production** Extended cell life: The first series of graphitized cathode electrolysis cells in China (Wanji Aluminum) started operation on January 18, 2006, with an average cell life exceeding 3,730 days. The longest cell life was 5,696 days, ending on October 31, 2021. In contrast, companies using high-graphite cathodes have mostly undergone one or two major overhauls, with some even requiring three overhauls, each costing around 2 million yuan. Superior power savings: After adopting graphitized cathodes and casting technology, the cell bottom voltage drop reached a minimum of 175 mV, more than 90 mV lower than that of high-graphite cathodes. The stable nature of graphite also results in a relatively small increase in cell bottom voltage drop during use, saving 300 kWh per ton of aluminum produced. The additional investment can be recouped in a short time. Stable operation: Due to the low sodium absorption of graphitized cathodes, their sodium expansion coefficient is very low, resulting in minimal horizontal expansion and corresponding cell shell deformation after cell startup, reducing early cell damage. Additionally, the excellent thermal conductivity of graphite helps form a good furnace wall, effectively protecting the sides and reducing horizontal current consumption, ensuring stable cell operation. Enhanced current to increase capacity: Due to strict government policies against illegal aluminum production, China's aluminum market is expected to face a supply gap, leading to strong profitability. Therefore, increasing capacity will become a priority for aluminum plants. Both international and domestic examples show that adopting graphitized cathodes can enhance capacity by strengthening current. Environmental benefits: Lining materials generated after cell overhauls contain large amounts of hazardous elements, causing severe environmental damage. They have been classified as hazardous waste, requiring costly disposal by aluminum enterprises. Graphitized cathodes, with their longer lifespan, produce less hazardous waste, attracting attention from environmental authorities and aluminum plants, potentially becoming a necessity due to environmental demands. Three balances: Graphitized cathodes better maintain the thermal income and expenditure balance of electrolysis cells, ensure the material balance of electrolyte and alumina concentration, and achieve a balance between the anode (the heart of the cell) and the cathode (the kidneys of the cell). **Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges in the Aluminum Cathode Industry** Current status of the aluminum cathode industry: 1. Graphitized cathode capacity increased to 850,000 mt/year. In recent years, cathode capacity has remained around 700,000 mt. In 2021, capacity was 740,000 mt/year, increasing to 850,000 mt/year in 2022, up 14.8% YoY, with the increase coming from graphitized cathode products. In addition to traditional cathode companies, some electrode producers have also adjusted their product structures to enter the graphitized cathode business. 2. Graphitized cathode production has grown significantly, accounting for over 70% of total cathode production. In 2023, China's aluminum cathode production approached 400,000 mt, with less than 1% YoY growth. Graphitized cathode production was 270,000 mt, up 30% YoY, accounting for 70% of total cathode production. Cathode market price trends over the past five years: 3. Graphitized cathode prices have been highly volatile, with cut-throat competition intensifying. Over the past five years, cathode prices have fluctuated dramatically, from nearly 20,000 yuan/mt in 2019 to around 14,000 yuan/mt in 2021, then sharply rising to around 36,000 yuan/mt, before gradually pulling back in 2023, triggering a series of price collapses. Cathode companies have been competing to lower prices, with the current lowest price falling below 15,000 yuan/mt, leaving most cathode companies facing losses. The extreme price volatility has discouraged some companies from investing in cathodes. Over time, as losses expand, the industry is expected to return to rationality and shift toward healthy competition. **Supply and Demand in the Aluminum Cathode Market** China's total aluminum capacity is approximately 45 million mt. If all aluminum production adopts graphitized cathodes, with a consumption of 6-8 kg of cathode per ton of aluminum, the annual national consumption would be 250,000-340,000 mt. With all new domestic projects coming online, domestic demand is unlikely to change significantly. China's cathode market is mainly concentrated in Shanxi Jinzhong, Henan, and Ningxia, with total capacity reaching 800,000 mt. Since last year, some graphite electrode companies have entered the cathode industry, further expanding total capacity. Overall, the market remains severely oversupplied, with intense cut-throat competition. He also introduced the situation of Chinese companies building aluminum projects overseas. **Current Status of the Low-Sulphur Petroleum Coke Market for Graphitized Cathodes** Limited growth in low-sulphur coke production: 1. Domestic low-sulphur petroleum coke production has been declining. In recent years, China's imports of heavy crude oil have increased significantly, with the proportion of high-sulphur crude oil rising, leading to a clear trend of increased production of high-sulphur and low-quality petroleum coke. 2. Overseas low-sulphur petroleum coke resources are limited. Import data in recent years shows annual imports of around 4 million mt, with little room for growth. ③ Due to the limited resources of low-sulphur petroleum coke, China has imported a large amount of high-sulphur sponge coke. Through desulphurization and precise blending technology, the issue of declining raw material quality has been addressed. Application of New Technologies in Aluminum Cathodes New Technology Applications in Aluminum Cathodes 1. Wide Steel Bar + Phosphorus Pig Iron Casting Technology By altering the connection method and assembly form between the cathode steel bar and the cathode carbon block, the cathode conductive structure has been optimized. This helps to reduce the horizontal current in the aluminum liquid, increase the vertical current, expand the conductive cross-sectional area, lower the resistance of the steel bar, enhance conductivity, reduce the direct current (DC) consumption in the electrolytic cell, and achieve a significant reduction in both the horizontal current in the aluminum liquid and the cathode voltage drop. The cathode current distribution becomes more uniform and stable, extending the service life of the electrolytic cell. 2. Copper-Inlaid Steel Bar Casting Still using graphitized cathodes as the carrier, the goal is to optimize the cathode conductive structure and reduce the horizontal current and cathode voltage drop. This technology is currently in the exploratory stage, with various design institutes involved, and small-scale test cells are being conducted in an orderly manner. 3. High-Strength, High-Conductivity, High-Volume Density Cathodes Are Also Being Applied Currently, some aluminum enterprises have implemented graded procurement for cathode carbon blocks, with the first grade being the best and the second grade meeting national standards. Incentive measures have been provided for the first grade, which to some extent promotes the healthy development of the cathode industry. Meanwhile, some users have expressed market demand for impregnated cathodes, which will also occupy a place in the future. Click to view the AICE 2025 SMM (20th) Aluminum Conference and Aluminum Industry Expo Special Report