A recent study by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reveals that floating solar (FPV) on U.S. reservoirs could provide up to 1 terawatt (TW) of generation capacity.

[SMM Analysis] This week, the prices of DC-side battery cabins remained relatively stable. The average price of a 5MWh DC-side battery cabin was 0.43 yuan/Wh, while the average price of 3.44/3.77MWh DC-side battery cabins was 0.438 yuan/Wh. The prices of 280Ah and 314Ah ESS battery cells fluctuated slightly, and the overall prices of DC-side battery cabins remained stable.

The welding method is the mainstream process for SMBB. Compared to traditional welding, 0BB welding with dispensing has advantages in terms of acceptance and equipment upgrades. The film-coating process is easy to penetrate the market and has achieved mass production. 0BB technology improves efficiency and, in the future, combined with copper interconnection and thin silicon wafer technology, will drive the development of heterojunction batteries.

On March 18, GAC AION's HYPTEC brand officially launched pre-sales for the HYPTEC HL model, offering both BEV (battery electric vehicle) and REEV (range-extended electric vehicle) options.

[SMM Analysis: How Aluminum Foil Producers Respond to Anti-Dumping Investigation Ruling] According to SMM, some related aluminum foil enterprises have stated that aluminum foil products under the involved codes are still being exported as usual. Meanwhile, these enterprises are also discussing countermeasures internally. If the ruling is officially implemented, they are expected to consider using re-export trade to maintain the current export value. However, they do not rule out the possibility of being cautious about scenarios such as the release of unused capacity for similar products in overseas markets and anti-dumping investigations treating re-export trade countries "equally." Therefore, the enterprises have indicated that they are also preparing for the worst-case scenario of giving up this portion of the export market share, while developing other overseas markets or shifting focus to the domestic market.

[SMM Commentary: Major Breakthrough in Semi-Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Wind Turbines – Will the Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Industry Usher in Significant Benefits?] On January 3, the world's first 20MW-class evaporative cooling semi-direct drive permanent magnet wind turbine, jointly developed by the Ganjiang Innovation Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and CRRC Yongji Electric Co., Ltd., successfully rolled off the production line at the Shandong Green Energy Industrial Park of CRRC Yongji Electric Co., Ltd. This marks a significant success in the innovative application of evaporative cooling technology in the field of large offshore wind turbines.

Recently, according to frontline survey statistics from SMM, the Q4 shipments of alkaline electrolyzers were approximately 192.2MW . Compared to the over 235.5MW delivered in Q3, the Q3 alkaline electrolyzer deliveries declined by more than 15% . This data reflects the current state of the alkaline electrolyzer market and also indicates future market trends. Q4 Shipment Analysis According to the latest data, the Q4 2024 shipments of alkaline electrolyzers were 192.2MW . Compared to 235.5MW in Q2, the decline reached 18.28% . This data reflects a phase of market demand adjustment, potentially influenced by multiple factors such as the macroeconomic environment, policy orientation, and dynamics across the industry chain. Entering Q4, shipment trends showed divergence. Some top-tier enterprises achieved shipments exceeding 30MW , a significant increase compared to the Q3 peak of 20MW , with growth rates ranging from 15%-20% . This performance was attributed to their products' superior safety and stability, which gained favor from project owners. However, some companies continued the sluggish performance seen in Q2 and Q3, with no alkaline electrolyzer deliveries during the quarter. Additionally, while some mid-tier enterprises had sporadic shipments, 2-3MW per quarter still maintained a certain market presence. Analysis of Q4 Shipment Decline Reasons The reduction in Q4 electrolyzer deliveries, from a macro perspective , was primarily influenced by downward pressure in the macroeconomic environment. The hydrogen energy sector as a whole entered a loss-making phase, slowing the construction of green hydrogen projects and reducing the number of electrolyzer tenders. From the perspective of the industry chain , project owners placed greater emphasis on the safety and stability of products when selecting electrolyzer suppliers, favoring partnerships with top-tier enterprises. This further intensified the trend of market share concentration, squeezing the survival space for mid-tier enterprises. Q4 Technology Path and Capacity Analysis In terms of technology paths, 1,000Nm³/h electrolyzers continued to dominate, accounting for over 90% of total deliveries . However, it is noteworthy that Q4 also saw the delivery of 1,200Nm³/h and 2,000Nm³/h models, marking a gradual market acceptance of large-scale, high-efficiency electrolyzer technology. This became a major highlight of Q4 2024. On the capacity side, most companies maintained their previous capacity levels in Q4. The commissioning of some new production lines led to an overall industry capacity increase of 1-2GW , reaching 35.77GW . This indicates that despite a slowdown in market demand, the electrolyzer industry is actively preparing for the future, reserving capacity to respond to potential market rebounds. Annual Shipment Summary and Future Outlook In 2024, the total annual shipments of alkaline electrolyzers reached 1,044.51MW , remaining basically flat compared to 2023 and falling short of some institutions' earlier forecasts of 2,000MW. This outcome suggests that after an initial phase of rapid growth, the electrolyzer and green hydrogen industries are gradually returning to rationality, with the industry's center shifting towards technological improvement and cost control. Looking ahead to 2025, with the deepening of global energy transition and continuous breakthroughs in hydrogen energy technology, the alkaline electrolyzer market is expected to embrace new development opportunities. SMM will release a detailed 2024 review and 2025 forecast report after the Chinese New Year, incorporating information on electrolyzer orders and green hydrogen project progress. We anticipate that with the joint efforts of all industry stakeholders, the electrolyzer sector can achieve healthier and more sustainable development. Conclusion The changes in Q4 2024 alkaline electrolyzer shipments reflect the industry's adjustment phase and are the result of technological iteration and market selection. Facing future uncertainties, electrolyzer companies need to maintain strategic focus, enhance technological innovation, and improve product competitiveness to jointly promote the prosperity and development of the hydrogen energy industry. Please stay tuned for more exciting updates. Written by: SMM Hydrogen Energy Analyst Xin Shi - 13515219405 (WeChat available). If you are also interested in hydrogen energy, feel free to contact me. Let’s discuss and look forward to the industry's development together.

Currently, the price of magnesium metal has continued to pull back and is significantly lower than that of aluminum, making its cost-performance advantage reappear and its functional value prominent. The innovative development achievements of magnesium and magnesium alloys are increasingly growing, and innovative application cases of magnesium alloys are continuously emerging. They are expected to usher in new opportunities for expanded applications, especially in areas such as lightweight transportation, intelligent manufacturing, green construction, electronics and telecommunications, solid-state ESS, and medical health, where there will be great opportunities to open up new application blue oceans. As a lightweight structural and functional material, magnesium metal will play an important role in promoting green, low-carbon, and high-quality development, demonstrating greater potential. At this critical moment and important period, the 2025 Magnesium Industry Chain and Magnesium Market Forum will continue to be held. We will continue to fully leverage the platform's advantages, summarize the experience of previous events, increase the promotion of this event, enhance the participation of related industry chain enterprises, and strive to achieve greater results. SMM and Shangmei Network cordially invite you to participate in the 2025 Magnesium Industry Chain and Magnesium Market Forum, which will be held from March 31 to April 2, 2025. Wenxi County Kangtai Metal Products Co., Ltd. will attend this conference in full force. We will keep pace with the times, aim for our goals, work hard, and move forward courageously! Click the registration form to sign up immediately. We look forward to meeting you at the conference. Wenxi County Kangtai Metal Products Co., Ltd. strives for excellence and perfection. Shanxi Kangtai Metal Products Co., Ltd. was established in May 2014 and moved to the Premium Steel Industrial Park of Wenxi Economic Development Zone in August 2021. It is a new industry producing magnesium-aluminum alloy new materials, adopting advanced production processes and energy-saving environmental protection equipment to produce magnesium alloys, sheets, rods, and other metal products for 3C, communication, high-speed rail, aerospace, military, and daily use fields, with products sold worldwide. To improve the company's industry chain, enhance market competitiveness and economic benefits, a total investment of 50 million yuan was made to build a magnesium alloy and magnesium alloy sheets and rods production line project. The construction includes production workshops, warehouses, office buildings, and other projects, with a construction area of about 7,000 m². One production line each for magnesium alloy, sheets, and rods was purchased and installed, with an annual production capacity of 15,000 mt of magnesium alloy, sheets, and rods, achieving sales revenue of 150 million yuan. Introduction to Magnesium Alloy AZ91D Product: • Composition: A stands for aluminum (Al), Z stands for zinc (Zn), 9 indicates an aluminum content of 9%, 1 indicates a zinc content of 1%, and D is the identification code. • Characteristics: Low density, about 1.8 g/cm³, only 2/3 of aluminum and 1/4 of iron; high specific strength, strength higher than aluminum alloy and steel; good corrosion resistance, significantly improved compared to pure magnesium; in addition, it has good vibration damping, excellent electromagnetic shielding, and good heat dissipation performance. • High specific strength and specific stiffness: Its specific strength is higher than that of aluminum alloy and steel, and its specific stiffness is comparable to that of aluminum alloy and steel, providing sufficient strength and stiffness while achieving lightweight, ensuring product performance. Introduction to Magnesium Alloy Rod Product: Product Specifications • The diameter specifications of magnesium alloy rods usually range from a few millimeters to tens of millimeters, commonly including 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, and 30mm. The length is generally from 1 meter to 6 meters, and can be customized according to customer needs. • Low density: Magnesium alloy is one of the lightest metal structural materials in practical applications, with a density of about 2/3 of aluminum and 1/4 of steel, effectively reducing the weight of components. • High specific strength and specific stiffness: It has a high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratio, enabling lightweight design while ensuring structural strength and stability. • Good corrosion resistance: After appropriate surface treatment, magnesium alloy rods have good corrosion resistance and can adapt to various working environments. • Good vibration damping: It can effectively absorb and attenuate vibration energy, reducing vibration and noise, and improving the stability and comfort of equipment. • Strong machinability: Easy to cut, drill, and stamp, it can be made into various shapes and sizes of components to meet the needs of different application fields. Business Matching for Magnesium Industry Companies. The 2025 Magnesium Industry Chain and Magnesium Market Forum is now open for registration. Please contact: 13162929454 (Lu Jiaxin).

I. Project Technological Breakthroughs: Three Disruptive Innovations Deconstructed 1. Zero-Carbon Efficiency: Breakthrough in Thermodynamic Performance The GT200H pure hydrogen detonation gas turbine employs continuous rotating detonation combustion (RDC) technology, achieving a comprehensive thermal and electrical efficiency of over 90% under 100% hydrogen combustion conditions, with stable nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions below 15ppm. Its core innovations include: Precise Detonation Wave Control: Through a millisecond-level sensor array and intelligent algorithms, the fuel injection timing and detonation wave propagation path are adjusted in real-time, forming a stable and continuous detonation wave front, with combustion chamber pressure fluctuations controlled within ±2%. Efficient Cooling Detonation Combustion Chamber: A double-layer water-cooled jacket structure, combined with nano-fluid cooling medium, reduces the combustion chamber wall temperature to below 650℃, 30% lower than traditional gas turbines, significantly extending equipment lifespan to 80,000 hours. Waste Heat Cascade Utilization System: Integrated with a four-stage heat exchange network, the exhaust gas temperature is reduced from 600℃ to 120℃, with a waste heat recovery efficiency of 68%, used for district heating, seawater desalination, and industrial steam supply. 2. Rapid Response: Dynamic Adaptation for Power Grid Peak Shaving The load adjustment rate reaches 30kW/s, far exceeding traditional gas turbines (typically Modular Combustion Chamber Design: Eight independent detonation combustion modules are used, with rapid switching of working modules via electromagnetic valves, achieving stepwise adjustment of power output. Intelligent Microgrid Control System: Built-in AI prediction algorithms, based on historical load data and weather forecasts, adjust equipment operation strategies 30 minutes in advance, with response delays below 0.5 seconds. 3. Longevity and Reliability: Full Lifecycle Management of Equipment Pioneering the "Digital Twin + Predictive Maintenance" model: Real-Time Monitoring and Diagnosis: 1,200 sensors are embedded in key components such as the combustion chamber and turbine, collecting real-time data on temperature, pressure, and vibration, constructing a digital twin of the equipment. Fault Early Warning System: Machine learning models analyze operational data to identify potential failure modes in advance, with an early warning accuracy rate of 92%. Shougang Electromechanical has avoided three unplanned shutdowns based on this system, reducing annual maintenance costs by 40%. II. Application Scenarios and Economic Benefits: A Zero-Carbon Transformation Paradigm for the Steel Industry 1. Construction of a Closed-Loop Energy Supply System The project leverages Shougang Group's annual production of 120,000 mt of industrial by-product hydrogen resources, combined with regional wind and solar green electricity hydrogen production networks, building a full-chain closed-loop of "by-product hydrogen recovery - green hydrogen supply - combined heat and power": By-Product Hydrogen Utilization: Shougang Qian'an's coke oven gas purification system produces approximately 24,000 mt of by-product hydrogen annually, purified to 99.999% via pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology, directly supplied to the gas turbine. Green Hydrogen Synergy: A 20MW water electrolysis hydrogen production unit is installed, utilizing factory photovoltaic and nighttime valley electricity for hydrogen production, forming a diversified hydrogen supply mode of "daylight hydrogen, night hydrogen". 2. Energy Substitution and Environmental Benefits Energy Cost Savings: Replacing 750,000 m³ of natural gas annually, at the current natural gas price of 3.2 yuan/m³, the annual energy cost savings exceed 3 million yuan. Carbon Emission Reduction Contribution: Annual carbon dioxide reduction of 1,500 mt, equivalent to planting 68,000 trees; if promoted to 50% of the national steel industry's by-product hydrogen resources (approximately 2 million mt/year), it could form an annual substitution of 6 billion m³ of natural gas and a carbon reduction capacity of 160 million mt of carbon dioxide, equivalent to recreating the annual carbon reduction benefits of 1.8 Three Gorges Power Stations. 3. Technology Replication Potential The project model can be quickly transplanted to high-energy-consuming scenarios such as chemical and metallurgical industries: Modular Design: Single system power covers 200kW-2MW, supporting multi-unit parallel operation, adapting to different scale industrial needs. Scenario Adaptability: Stability in complex environments such as low temperature and high humidity has been verified, with future plans to develop marine and mobile energy supply systems. III. Qian'an Shougang's Hydrogen Strategy: From Single-Point Breakthrough to Full-Chain Layout 1. Construction of a Hydrogen Heavy-Duty Truck Ecosystem As the "Steel City", Qian'an City operates nearly 8,000 heavy-duty trucks. Shougang Electromechanical, in collaboration with Yanshan Steel Group, promotes hydrogen heavy-duty truck substitution: Independent R&D and Demonstration: Yanshan Steel has deployed two 49-ton hydrogen heavy-duty trucks, with a hydrogen consumption of 12kg per 100 kilometers, reducing costs by 15% compared to diesel trucks. Hydrogen Refueling Network Layout: Five hydrogen refueling stations are planned, with the first two already completed, with a hydrogen refueling pressure of 35MPa and a daily hydrogen refueling capacity of over 1,000kg. 2. High-Value Utilization of By-Product Hydrogen Resources Qian'an City produces 5.4 billion m³ of coke oven gas annually, with by-product hydrogen of approximately 2.7 billion m³. Shougang Electromechanical, in collaboration with Tangshan Zhongrong Technology, develops high-purity hydrogen preparation technology: Technology Upgrade: A new project for producing 7,200 mt of battery fuel hydrogen from coke oven gas annually is established, using cryogenic separation and PSA purification technology, with hydrogen purity reaching 99.999%. Industry Extension: In collaboration with HBIS Group, hydrogen metallurgy technology is developed, using hydrogen to replace coke as a reducing agent, reducing steel production carbon emissions by over 30%. 3. Policy and Capital Synergy The Qian'an Municipal Government has issued "Several Measures to Guide and Support the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry", establishing a special fund to support the development of the hydrogen energy industry: Financial Subsidies: A 30% subsidy is provided for hydrogen energy equipment investments, with a maximum support of 10 million yuan per project. Special Bonds: 2 billion yuan in special bonds for the hydrogen energy industry are issued, used to support projects such as water electrolysis hydrogen production and hydrogen refueling station construction. Industrial Cluster Cultivation: A 600-acre hydrogen fuel cell industrial park is planned, attracting over 20 enterprises including Qinghang Aerospace and Guofu Hydrogen, with an expected industry scale of 5 billion yuan by 2025. IV. Future Outlook: The Rise of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Hydrogen Energy Equipment Industrial Cluster 1. Technology Iteration Path Qinghang Aerospace plans to launch a megawatt-level hydrogen detonation engine (BZ1200H) by 2026, aiming to achieve by 2030: Cost Target: A 40% reduction in unit cost, achieved through mass production and material localization (such as titanium alloy impellers and ceramic coatings). Efficiency Improvement: Comprehensive efficiency increased from 90% to 95%, through optimization of detonation wave patterns and the use of high-temperature superconducting materials. Cost per kWh: Pushing the cost of hydrogen power generation down to 0.3 yuan/kWh, on par with thermal power costs, forming a large-scale substitution effect. 2. Industry Chain Integration Strategy Shougang Electromechanical, in collaboration with Qinghang Aerospace and HBIS Group, builds an integrated solution of "hydrogen engine + hydrogen storage + intelligent microgrid": Hydrogen Storage Technology: Developing liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) technology, with a hydrogen storage density of 6.5wt%, three times higher than high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage. Intelligent Microgrid: Integrating distributed photovoltaic, wind power, and hydrogen energy storage systems, achieving an energy self-sufficiency rate of over 85% in the park. 3. Regional Industry Collaboration Leveraging the advantages of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei hydrogen energy industry core bearing area, combining resources from Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei: R&D Collaboration: Collaborating with universities such as Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences to jointly build a hydrogen energy technology innovation center. Manufacturing Collaboration: Deploying core equipment manufacturing bases for electrolyzers and gas turbines in Qian'an and Caofeidian. Application Collaboration: Promoting cross-regional transportation demonstrations of hydrogen heavy-duty trucks, opening up the Tangshan Port-Tianjin Port-Beijing logistics corridor.

Recently, driven by the rush for installations influenced by the policy window period for distributed projects, the prices of distributed PV modules have continued to rise. As of March 25, the average spot price of Topcon module-182mm (distributed) increased to 0.773 yuan/watt, up by 0.128 yuan/watt from the low of 0.645 yuan/watt on February 14, a rise of 19.84%. The average spot price of Topcon module-210mm rose to 0.778 yuan/watt, up by 0.133 yuan/watt from the low of 0.645 yuan/watt on February 14, a rise of 20.62%. The average spot price of Topcon module-210R also reported 0.778 yuan/watt, up by 0.133 yuan/watt from the low of 0.645 yuan/watt on February 14, a rise of 20.62%. Regarding the reasons for the continuous price increase of distributed modules recently, SMM believes it is mainly driven by the rush for installations of commercial and industrial projects during the 430 and 531 periods, with active downstream procurement and a surge in demand for distributed modules, leading to tight module delivery in the market.