Today, SMM battery-grade lithium carbonate spot prices declined with fluctuations compared to the previous working day. Futures side, the lithium carbonate 2609 contract opened lower today at 190,000 yuan/mt, briefly dipping to an intraday low of 186,800 yuan/mt after the opening before rebounding. During the morning session, it moved sideways within the range of 191,000-194,000 yuan/mt. Around midday, it briefly surged to 194,900 yuan/mt but failed to hold, then quickly pulled back below the average price line. It weakened further toward the close, ultimately settling down 3.57% at 188,800 yuan/mt, with open interest decreasing by 18,931 lots. In the spot market, as prices continued to decline, downstream purchase activities increased, though some enterprises maintained a cautious wait-and-see attitude, with most transactions being spot order restocking driven by rigid demand. Upstream lithium chemical plants showed growing sentiment to hold prices firm and hold back from selling, with some enterprises maintaining their willingness to sell on spot orders at prices above 200,000 yuan/mt. Overall, market inquiries and actual transactions remained active. Lithium carbonate prices continued their downward trend today. Macro perspective, overnight silver futures plunged 4.52%, with the precious metals and non-ferrous metals sectors under overall pressure. Market risk appetite declined significantly, and capital withdrew from the commodity sector, with lithium carbonate futures falling in tandem. Meanwhile, on the lithium carbonate supply side, previously concerning disruptions to lithium ore exports from Zimbabwe showed signs of easing. Yahua Group confirmed on May 13 that its Zimbabwe lithium concentrates export procedures had been completed and shipments had commenced. Sinomine Resource Group also indicated that lithium concentrates from its Zimbabwe mine had been progressively shipped from the mine. The improved expectations for ex-China lithium concentrates supply alleviated short-term tight supply expectations for lithium concentrates to some extent. Overall, under the dual pressure of weakening macro sentiment and improved supply-side expectations, although market inquiries and actual transactions remained active, the tug-of-war between upstream and downstream persisted, and prices may still face adjustment pressure in the short term.

[Standard Lithium Signs 10-Year Supply Agreement with Trafigura for 8,000 mt of Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate Annually] Smackover Lithium, a joint venture project under Standard Lithium (NYSE.A/TSXV: SLI), announced that it had signed its first binding commercial sales agreement with commodity giant Trafigura Trading LLC, committing to supply 8,000 mt of battery-grade lithium carbonate annually for a 10-year term, effective from the commencement of commercial production. The agreement covers over 40% of the SWA project's total target supply volume, marking a substantive step forward on the commercialization path for this Arkansas-based direct lithium extraction (DLE) project. The remaining supply negotiations are expected to be completed in Q3 2026, and the company maintains its plan to make a final investment decision and commence construction in 2026, with a target of achieving first commercial production in 2029. On the technology validation front, the company simultaneously announced three milestones at its Arkansas demonstration plant: cumulative processing of over 1 million barrels of real formation brine, completion of over 15,000 DLE cycles, and a zero-safety-incident record across 340,000 cumulative work hours, effectively validating the feasibility and stability of the SWA project's core process route. The SWA project is jointly advanced by a joint venture formed by Standard Lithium and Norwegian state oil company Equinor, conducting direct lithium extraction operations on Smackover formation brine in Arkansas. The conclusion of the Trafigura agreement further reinforced market confidence in the project's long-term commercial prospects. Source: [Elevra Lithium Buys Out All Moblan Project Offtake Rights, Equity Settlement Terminates Discounted Sales Obligation] Australian lithium mine company Elevra Lithium (ASX: ELV; NASDAQ: ELVR) announced that it had acquired and terminated the Moblan lithium mine project spodumene concentrates offtake agreement previously granted to an investment vehicle under Waratah Capital Advisors. Upon completion of the transaction, Elevra gained full control of all offtake interests it is entitled to on a pro-rata basis in the Moblan project. The original agreement originated from a 2021 arrangement that granted Waratah the right to purchase 10% of Moblan's annual spodumene concentrates production at a 5% discount over the full life of the mine. The termination was settled through equity, with Elevra issuing ordinary shares valued at $5 million at an issue price of A$12.2 per share and warrants valued at $500,000 to Waratah, preserving cash for subsequent development plans. The Moblan lithium mine project is located in central Quebec, Canada, with Elevra holding a 60% interest and Investissement Québec holding 40%. It is one of the leading undeveloped lithium ore assets in North America by scale. By eliminating the obligation of discounted sales over the full mine life cycle, Elevra significantly improved the long-term economics of the project and retained greater strategic flexibility for further scaling. Source: [Rain City Resources Signs First MOU with Bolivia's National Lithium Company YLB for the Uyuni Basin] Canadian lithium company Rain City Resources Inc. (CSE: RAIN) announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Bolivia's national lithium company YLB (Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos), establishing a formal cooperation framework for the evaluation and application of Rain City's next-generation direct lithium extraction (DLE) technology under Bolivian brine conditions. This was the first publicly disclosed lithium cooperation MOU signed between YLB and a foreign enterprise since the new Bolivian government took office. Bolivia holds the world's largest proven lithium resources, primarily concentrated in the Uyuni salt flat and surrounding salt lake systems. Despite the enormous resource potential, the country has historically maintained a cautious stance toward foreign investment in the lithium sector, with institutional access thresholds constituting a significant strategic barrier for international developers, making the signing of this MOU a highly landmark event. Under the agreement, both parties will advance a structured research process centered on formal proposals, technical coordination, and periodic reporting, with a joint technical coordination committee established for oversight and management. The MOU itself does not confer concession rights, resource ownership, or commercial production agreements, but establishes a credible institutional pathway for technology evaluation under real Bolivian brine conditions. Rain City stated that, given the complexity of the brine chemistry in the Uyuni Basin and the scale of its lithium resources, this formal entry into Bolivia's evaluation process represented a significant strategic move for the company to extend its low-water-consumption DLE technology to the broader Lithium Triangle region. Source: [USGS Assesses Potential Lithium Ore Reserves Exceeding 530,000 mt in New England Region] The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) released its latest geological assessment report, confirming the presence of substantial potentially undiscovered lithium deposits in Maine, New Hampshire, and eastern Vermont. The report indicated that recoverable lithium resources in the region exceeded 530,000 metric tons at a 50% probability level, based on existing geological data and historical field observation records. This assessment came at a time when the US federal government was accelerating efforts to build critical minerals supply chain resilience. The US currently relies heavily on lithium ore imports, with domestic production concentrated at only one operating facility in Nevada, a structural vulnerability that has long drawn attention from energy security analysts. Federal officials promoted this study as a significant achievement in advancing the strategy for self-sufficiency in lithium resources supply. Geologists also noted that this assessment carried a wide range of uncertainty, and even if the relevant deposits were confirmed through subsequent exploration, the region would still face a lengthy permitting and development cycle before reaching the commercial extraction stage, with actual industrialisation prospects remaining distant. The USGS has classified lithium as a critical mineral and is advancing similar assessments nationwide to systematically identify the potential of undiscovered lithium resources. Source:

[US Lithium Mine Development Boom: From One Mine to Over 100 Planned Projects by 2030] The US lithium industry is standing at the threshold of a historic transformation, about to leap from its current status of having only one producing lithium mine to becoming a significant participant in the global critical battery metals market. Currently, only one lithium mine is operating across the entire US, but this landscape is about to change rapidly. By 2030, at least six new projects are expected to come into production successively, with another 13 projects close behind. This round of expansion is primarily concentrated in the geologically favorable arid regions of the Southwest, but this is merely the beginning of a potential mining boom. According to the latest industry data, enterprises have identified over 100 potential lithium ore extraction areas nationwide. Behind this aggressive expansion is the continued climb in lithium ore demand from EV batteries and renewable energy ESSs—both of which are indispensable key elements of the energy transition. The rapid expansion of lithium mining scale has raised important questions from the outside world about environmental impacts, water resource consumption, and how to strike a balance between domestic mineral security and ecological protection. In this race for self-sufficient supply of "white gold," community residents and environmental protection advocates are closely watching how this industrial transformation will advance and take shape in some of America's most fragile desert ecosystems. Source: https://www.envirolink.org [Lithium Ore Reserves in Eastern US States May Replace Over a Century of Import Demand] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists announced this discovery, estimating its scale sufficient to replace over three hundred years of lithium import demand. The US currently relies on imports for nearly half of its lithium consumption, a dependency that has long been a concern for energy security analysts. Lithium occupies a central position in the modern economy, serving as a critical material for lithium-ion batteries used in smartphones, laptops, EVs, and aerospace alloys. Against the backdrop of accelerating global demand and intensifying geopolitical pressures, domestic reserves of this scale carry significant strategic importance. This discovery came at a sensitive period in the global mineral landscape. Australia currently supplies nearly half of global lithium production, while China not only has considerable production but also dominates global refining and consumption. Thirty years ago, the US was the world's largest lithium producer, but that position was long since relinquished. Whether this discovery can help the US return to that position remains to be seen, but the scale of data cited is sufficient to warrant serious attention. The scale of this discovery is most vivid in numbers. According to USGS estimates, the reserves are sufficient to support the construction of 1.6 million grid-scale batteries, and officials stated they could power 130 million EVs or support 180 billion laptops running cumulatively for a thousand years. USGS also estimates that the reserves could support the production of 500 billion mobile phones, equivalent to approximately 60 devices for every person currently on Earth. Perhaps the most striking figure in the USGS assessment is this: measured against last year's consumption levels, the reserves are sufficient to replace 328 years of US lithium import demand. This is not a forecast of future demand, but merely a baseline comparison between existing underground reserves and historical US import demand. Source: https://indiandefencereview.com [European Metals' Cinovec Lithium Mine Project EIA Passes Czech Ministry of Environment Review] European Metals Holdings Limited (ASX/AIM: EMH) announced that its flagship Cinovec lithium mine project in the Czech Republic has achieved a significant milestone in environmental permitting. The Czech Ministry of Environment has completed its review and officially released the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report, with a public hearing scheduled to be held in the coming weeks. Meanwhile, a cross-border EIA process involving German authorities has been formally initiated to address the transnational impacts of the project along the Czech-German border. For investors tracking the development progress of the Cinovec project, these developments are not routine updates — the company has explicitly identified the EIA release as a critical path period for obtaining final approval and advancing the project to implementation. "We are pleased with the progress the project team has made on environmental permitting for the Cinovec project. The release of the EIA report by the Czech Ministry of Environment is a critical path period for obtaining final EIA approval and advancing the Cinovec project." — Executive Chairman Keith Coughlan Source: [Latin America's Lithium Supply Gap: Structural Barriers Constraining Capacity Release] The global energy transition is built on a series of assumptions, and one of the most consequential is that the world's largest lithium reserves, concentrated in a narrow strip of South America, will be able to reliably convert into the battery-grade lithium materials increasingly and urgently needed for EVs, power grid ESSs, and consumer electronics. However, this assumption is being put to a severe test. Latin America's lithium supply gap is not a matter of salt flats being depleted or aquifers running dry, but rather a widening chasm between underground reserves and market-accessible capacity. Reserves are abundant, yet production-ready capacity falls far short. More critically, this gap continues to widen at a pivotal moment when global demand is accelerating its climb. To understand the root causes, one must look beyond the surface figures and examine in depth the structural mechanisms behind the entire chain from lithium geological deposits to battery cathode material. Source:

Around April 23, 2026, import and export data for cobalt and lithium battery industry chain products in March were released. Data showed that March spodumene imports rebounded significantly from February, hitting a new record high of 837,400 mt in physical content. Lithium carbonate side, China imported 29,974 mt of lithium carbonate in March, up 13% MoM and up 65% YoY.......SMM compiled the import and export data for battery materials as follows: Upstream Lithium Concentrates Customs data showed that March spodumene imports rebounded significantly from February, hitting a new record high of 837,400 mt in physical content. By source country: African ore arrivals increased notably — Nigeria imports reached 125,100 mt, up 63% MoM; Zimbabwe shipments from earlier periods arrived at ports in the month totaling 112,600 mt, up 61% MoM; Canada broke the zero-import situation in January-February with 58,600 mt arriving in March; while Australian ore volumes declined MoM due to shipping schedule impacts. According to SMM's screening and analysis, total port arrivals this month were equivalent to 81,000 mt LCE. Lithium concentrates accounted for 72% of the month's imports, down slightly compared to the same period last year, mainly due to the notable increase in South African raw ore port arrivals recently. Notably, driven by prices and local beneficiation plant development, Nigerian ore volumes increased significantly, with not only raw ore volumes rising markedly but also concentrates share increasing notably YoY. Source: China Customs, compiled by SMM Spodumene concentrates (CIF China) spot pricing side, according to SMM spot prices, March spodumene concentrates (CIF China) spot prices showed a V-shaped trend, dropping to a low of $2,028/mt at month-end, then rebounding to $2,313/mt at month-end, with a monthly average of $2,081.4/mt. According to SMM, in March, spodumene and lepidolite profit trends diverged, with structural cost differences among lithium chemicals enterprises becoming evident. Available spodumene volumes were tight, ore traders held back from selling, and inventory continued to be drawn down. Enterprises purchasing spodumene externally suffered losses on spot margins throughout the month, with non-integrated enterprises facing greater difficulties in hedging and procurement. Entering April, spodumene concentrates (CIF China) spot prices also showed a pattern of initial decline followed by recovery. Recently, spodumene concentrates prices continued to probe higher. As of April 27, spodumene concentrates (CIF China) spot prices rose to $2,507/mt, up $194/mt from $2,313/mt at end-March, an increase of 8.39%. According to SMM's recent research, driven by market expectations of improving future demand, speculative sentiment in the lithium carbonate futures market remained strong, pushing futures prices up. Lithium ore merchants showed increased willingness to sell, with pricing-against-futures prices staying high. Looking ahead, lithium chemical plant operating rates stay high, with demand for lithium ore continuing to climb. Meanwhile, Zimbabwe has suspended spodumene exports for nearly two months, leading to persistently tight available lithium ore supply in the market. Overall, spodumene prices are expected to hold up well. Lithium Carbonate According to customs data, China imported 29,974 mt of lithium carbonate in March, up 13% MoM and up 65% YoY. By source, the top 3 were Chile (18,000 mt, 61%), Argentina (8,292 mt, 28%), and Indonesia (2,100 mt, 7%). From January to March, China's cumulative lithium carbonate imports reached 83,000 mt, up 65% YoY cumulatively. China exported 448 mt of lithium carbonate in March, down 25% MoM and up 104% YoY. From January to March, China's cumulative lithium carbonate exports totaled 1,516 mt, up 46% YoY cumulatively. According to SMM spot quotes, lithium carbonate showed a volatile trend of first declining then rising in March. As of March 31, the average spot price of battery-grade lithium carbonate was quoted at 163,000 yuan/mt, with a monthly average price of 156,700 yuan/mt. According to SMM analysis, spot lithium carbonate prices in China showed a significantly volatile upward trend in March, with the monthly average price up 5% MoM. Fundamentals-wise, supply side, production gradually recovered as maintenance ended, and lithium chemical plants showed increased willingness to sell spot orders at the relatively high level around 170,000 yuan/mt; demand side, downstream cathode material producers basically adopted a dip-buying strategy, with strong purchase willingness at price levels around 140,000 to 150,000 yuan/mt. As demand continued to improve, some enterprises engaged in large-scale restocking at low levels. In March, battery-grade spot lithium carbonate prices rose to 172,500 yuan/mt at the beginning of the month and pulled back to around 163,000 yuan/mt at month-end. Recently, battery-grade lithium carbonate spot quotes stayed high above 170,000 yuan. As of April 28, battery-grade lithium carbonate spot quotes were at 172,000-177,000 yuan/mt, with an average price of 174,500 yuan/mt. According to SMM, in today's spot lithium carbonate market, as lithium carbonate prices declined, downstream purchase enthusiasm picked up, with some buyers' target prices basically around 170,000 to 175,000 yuan/mt; upstream spot order quotes remained at high levels. Overall, market inquiries and transactions were relatively active. Looking ahead, the supply side presents mixed signals: Huayou in Zimbabwe announced the successful shipment of lithium sulfate over the weekend, which may ease some supply anxiety in the short term; however, disruptions from mine license renewals in Jiangxi persisted, Middle East geopolitical fluctuations pushed up diesel costs, and some Australian mines confirmed cost increases in their Q1 quarterly reports. Although actual mining has not been affected yet, medium and long-term supply elasticity may be impacted. Demand side, LFP capacity release and the peak season for new car model deliveries in Q2 are expected to continue boosting lithium carbonate demand. Overall, cost support and demand expectations are resonating, and lithium carbonate prices are expected to remain on a relatively strong trend in Q2. Lithium Hydroxide According to customs data, in March 2026, China imported 6,111 mt of lithium hydroxide, up 66% MoM and up 200% YoY. Of this, 2,927 mt came from Indonesia, accounting for approximately 48% of imports, with another 40% from Australia and South Korea. In March, China exported 3,143 mt of lithium hydroxide, up 20% MoM and down 26% YoY, of which 2,059 mt were exported to South Korea and 278 mt to Japan. Battery Materials Ternary Cathode Material In March 2026, China's ternary cathode material (NCM and NCA combined) exports reached 21,900 mt, up 103% MoM and up 163% YoY. Of this, NCM exports were 20,900 mt, accounting for 96%. In terms of export destinations, South Korea was the largest importer of NCM, with March imports of 8,500 mt; Poland, Malaysia, and Japan ranked second, third, and fourth at 3,720 mt, 2,409 mt, and 2,363 mt respectively. In addition, Germany's imports saw significant growth compared to the same period last year. China's ternary cathode material exports hit a record high in March, mainly driven by the cancellation of China's 13% VAT export rebate policy for ternary cathode material effective April 1. Four leading battery cell manufacturers in Japan and South Korea placed orders in advance, boosting demand not only for their domestic plants but also for their battery cell production sites in Southeast Asia and Europe. Beyond the rebate policy impact, EV subsidy policies in Europe also fueled strong demand growth, driving up China's ternary cathode material exports. Among them, the Nordic countries led in EV penetration rate thanks to the most generous subsidies; the UK, France, and Germany continued to serve as important sources of NEV sales support. In contrast, US NEV sales declined notably in Q1, down nearly 30% YoY, significantly impacting Q1 orders for some ex-China battery cell manufacturers targeting the North American market. Looking ahead to Q2, Europe is expected to remain the largest source of incremental ex-China ternary cathode material demand. Despite some disruption from the tax rebate policy, as more battery cell manufacturers and ternary cathode producers plan to complete construction and commence production this year and next, the outlook for European market demand remains optimistic. LiPF6 According to China Customs data, in March 2026, China's cumulative LiPF6 exports totaled approximately 4,554 mt, up approximately 161% MoM, while cumulative imports were approximately 31 mt. Export side, China's LiPF6 exports in March 2026 were approximately 4,554 mt, up approximately 161% MoM from February and up approximately 188.8% YoY. Specifically, as the VAT rebate policy for LiPF6 exports was officially canceled starting April 1, 2026, enterprises rushed to export in advance in March, driving MoM increases in exports to multiple major destination countries. Among them, exports to Poland were 1,723.602 mt (up approximately 693.63% MoM), South Korea 1,099.429 mt (up approximately 184.26% MoM), Czech Republic 460.5 mt (up approximately 237.36% MoM), and Malaysia 249.346 mt (up approximately 141.39% MoM). However, exports to the US declined — 266.146 mt (down approximately 53.70% MoM). Artificial Graphite In March 2026, China's artificial graphite imports were 673 mt, up 0.6% MoM and down 34.1% YoY. Average import price in March 2026 was 61,696 yuan/mt, up 3.9% MoM and up 10.6% YoY. Data source: China Customs, SMM In March 2026, China's artificial graphite exports were 37,525 mt, up 6% MoM and down 16% YoY. Average export price in March 2026 was 9,866 yuan/mt, up 14.4% MoM and down 7% YoY. Flake Graphite In March 2026, China's flake graphite imports were 3,905 mt, up 11% MoM and up 45% YoY. Data source: China Customs, SMM In March 2026, China's flake graphite exports were 8,118 mt, up 35% MoM and up 65% YoY. Phosphate Ore According to customs data, China's phosphate ore imports in March 2026 were 182,000 mt. March imports rose 88.2% from February's 97,000 mt, up 144.4% YoY from 75,000 mt; March total import value was $14.552 million, up 74.6% MoM from February's $8.336 million. Unit price was $79.9/mt, down 7.2% significantly from February's $86.1/mt. In March, China's phosphate ore imports mainly came from Egypt and Pakistan, with imports of 170,000 mt and 12,000 mt respectively. Affected by factors related to the Strait of Hormuz, Jordanian phosphate ore failed to be imported, though imports from other regions filled the gap. Due to hindered transportation of high-priced Jordanian phosphate ore and lack of import volume support, March phosphate ore import unit price declined from February, pulling back to below $80/mt. Cobalt Cobalt Hydrometallurgy Intermediate Products In March 2026, China's cobalt hydrometallurgy intermediate products imports were approximately 1,690 mt in physical content, down 26% MoM and down 97% YoY. Among them, imports from DRC were approximately 1,668 mt in physical content, up 10% MoM and down 97% YoY. In March 2026, the average import price of China's cobalt hydrometallurgy intermediate products was $16,730/mt in physical content, up 2.92% MoM. It was learned that cobalt intermediate products export volume from DRC increased notably in March. If the government maintains this efficient approval pace going forward, quotas for Q4 2025 and Q1/Q2 2026 will most likely be exported within the stipulated timeframe, reducing the probability of further delays. However, shipping in Africa is currently tight, with only a few miners completing small-batch vessel bookings in April. Based on a 1-2 month shipping time from South Africa to China, these intermediate products are expected to arrive at port in May-June, while intermediate products from other miners are not expected to arrive until around July. Unwrought Cobalt In March 2026, China's unwrought cobalt imports were approximately 961 mt, down 44% MoM and up 83% YoY. March imports remained at a relatively high level, mainly due to continued arrivals of export orders placed during the import window opening from late December 2025 to mid-January 2026. On average import price, China's unwrought cobalt average import price in March 2026 was $50,346/mt, up 10% MoM. Cumulative imports from January to March 2026 totaled 4,582 mt, up 206% YoY cumulatively. It was learned that as the import window gradually closed after mid-to-late January 2026, overseas traders' export willingness weakened, and refined cobalt imports in April may continue to decline MoM. Exports, China's unwrought cobalt exports in March 2026 were approximately 413 mt, up 32% MoM and down 69% YoY. By country, China's exports to the US rose slightly, with 280 mt exported to the US in March, up 13% MoM. Average export price, China's average export price of unwrought cobalt in March 2026 was $51,596/mt, down 3% MoM. Cumulative imports from January to March 2026 totaled 1,574 mt, down 52% YoY cumulatively.

[SMM Tin Morning Brief: The Most-Traded SHFE Tin Contract Maintained Low-Level Sideways Movement During the Night Session, and the Spot Market Trading Atmosphere Recovered Notably Compared to the Previous Period]

Spot lithium carbonate prices retreated after rapid rise and fluctuated at highs this week. Futures market fluctuations continued, with the most-traded contract 2609 contract price range moving from 174,800-181,400 yuan/mt at the beginning of the week to 172,100-178,900 yuan/mt, briefly dipping to a low of 169,500 yuan/mt mid-week. Open interest first increased, then decreased, and increased again, as the tug-of-war between longs and shorts persisted. Market transactions exhibited characteristics of "divergent upstream shipments and downstream dip-buying." Upstream lithium chemical plants still showed willingness to sell spot orders at high prices, with some offers raised to above 180,000 yuan/mt. Downstream material plants had weak procurement sentiment, primarily making just-in-time procurement, with the psychological price level for large-scale stockpiling still anchored below 170,000 yuan/mt. Overall, the gap in psychological price levels between upstream and downstream participants remained. Price fluctuations this week were driven by multiple factors: First, supply side, Zimbabwe has had no lithium concentrates shipments since the comprehensive ban on lithium ore exports from late February, compounded by mining license renewal disruptions at Jiangxi mines, and the tight balance pattern is expected to continue in Q2. Second, demand side, as new LFP capacity comes on stream successively in H1, it is expected to continuously and directly boost lithium carbonate procurement. Third, geopolitical fluctuations in the Middle East affected market risk-aversion sentiment, with intraday open interest changes indicating significant swings in capital sentiment. Looking ahead, against the backdrop of supply-side constraints yet to be substantially eased and positive demand expectations, spot lithium carbonate prices are expected to move sideways with an upward bias in the near term.